The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional quality of Mexican men's diet and its relation to socio-economic status (SES) and BMI. A random sample of 325 Mexican men, aged 35-65 y and stratified by SES and urban or rural residence, took part in the study. Two nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls were conducted in person. Dietary diversity was based on the consumption of 24 food groups. The micronutrient adequacy score that was used as a cut off was 75% of the U.S. RDA (Institute of Medicine) for 13 vitamins and minerals. A prevention score assessed subjects' adherence to 8 WHO dietary recommendations for the prevention of chronic diseases. Dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy increased with SES status of urban subjects; these indices were also significantly higher among urban poor than among rural poor. In contrast, the prevention score tended to be higher among the poorer urban and rural respondents. Dietary diversity was significantly higher but the preventive score was significantly lower in obese subjects than in normal BMI subjects. There was a positive correlation between diet diversity and micronutrient adequacy (r = 0.34, P < 0.01), whereas dietary diversity and the prevention score were inversely correlated (r = -0.21, P < 0.01). The inverse association of dietary diversity and the prevention score was stronger in rural than in urban subjects. Dietary diversity was positively and significantly correlated with fruit and vegetable intake (r = 0.295, P < 0.001). It was, however, also positively correlated with the percent of energy from total and saturated fat, and cholesterol intake. Therefore, in some settings, higher food diversity may not predict a healthier diet from the standpoint of the prevention of chronic diseases.
Objective: To evaluate the dietary quality of Mexican adults' diet, we constructed three dietary quality indices: a cardioprotective index (CPI), a micronutrient adequacy index (MAI) and a dietary diversity index (DDI). Design: Data were derived from the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey, which is a national survey representative of the Mexican population with a stratified, multistage, probabilistic sample design. Dietary intake was assessed from an FFQ with 101 different foods and daily nutrient intakes were computed. The CPI evaluated compliance with seven WHO recommendations for the prevention of CVD, the MAI evaluated the intake of six micronutrients based on the estimated average requirements from the US Institute of Medicine and the DDI was constructed based on the consumption of thirty different food groups. Settings: Mexico. Subjects: Mexican adults aged 19-59 years old. Results: We evaluated the diet of 15 675 males and females. Adjusted means and adjusted proportions by age and sex were computed to predict adherence to dietary recommendations. Rural inhabitants, those living in the South and those from the lowest socio-economic status reported a significantly higher CPI (4?5 (SE 0?08), 4?3 (SE 0?08) and 4?2 (SE 0?09), respectively; P , 0?05), but a significantly lower MAI and DDI, compared with urban inhabitants, those from the North and those of upper socio-economic status (P , 0?05). Conclusions:The constructed diet quality indices identify nutrients and foods whose recommended intakes are not adequately consumed by the population. Given the epidemiological and nutritional transition that Mexico is experiencing, the CPI is the most relevant index and its components should be considered in Mexican dietary guidelines as well as in any food and nutrition programmes developed.
Este artículo relata el proceso de una investigación enfocada en el análisis de las familias de la doctrina de Belén, que hasta el momento se ha centrado en el período tardocolonial, y en el cual la piedra angular han sido los registros de bautizo, matrimonio y defunción. Se observa cómo se fueron integrando otros documentos, archivos, métodos y experiencias que han pasado a constituir el metaarchivo que hoy denominamos Parroquia de Belén. Se incluyen además, las distintas evocaciones que el proceso ha provocado que se han traducido en recuerdos, memorias y cuestionamientos de variada índole, correspondientes al pasado remoto, al presente y al futuro de las poblaciones que habitaron y habitan los actuales pueblos de los Altos de Arica.Palabras claves: Libros parroquiales, Doctrina de Belén, Altos de Arica, Archivos, Memorias. This article describes the process of research that focused its analysis on the families of the doctrine of Belén
Como han demostrado diversos estudios, los procesos que se desarrollaron en la zona andina a fines del periodo Colonial provocaron el debilitamiento de la figura del cacique en diversas localidades. En los Altos de Arica, la documentación eclesiástica de la doctrina de Belén, evidencia que junto con el desprestigio de la autoridad cacical se experimentó un fortalecimiento de las autoridades del cabildo indígena, cuyos integrantes no solo cumplieron roles políticos, sino que también desempeñaron funciones religiosas. Nos proponemos poner en evidencia la gran cantidad de autoridades locales que se suceden en cargos entre 1782 y 1813 en la doctrina de Belén, para luego, esbozar los distintos aspectos sociales, religiosos y económicos que rodearon a las autoridades de los pueblos de Belén ˗cabecera de la doctrina˗ y Socoroma, intentando comprender los antecedentes y alcances de su prestigio y sus particularidades con respecto a otros liderazgos indígenas del periodo Colonial. Finalmente, hacemos una propuesta alternativa al concepto de mediadores culturales, entendiendo a estas autoridades étnicas no como "mediadores", sino como sujetos relacionales.Palabras claves: cabildo, cofradías, sistema de cargos, mediadores, compadrazgo, redes sociales.As several studies have shown, the processes that developed in the Andean area towards the end of the colonial period weakened the cacique figure in several localities. In the highlands of Arica, the ecclesiastical documentation of the Doctrine of Belén shows that the loss of the cacique's authority contrasted with a strengthening of the indigenous chapter, the members of which fulfilled not only political roles, but also religious functions. This article highlights the high number of local authorities that succeeded one another in the Doctrine of Belén between 1782 and 1813, and outlines the various social, religious, and economic aspects that surrounded the authorities of the towns of Belén, head of the doctrine, and Socoroma, so as to understand the origin and scope of their prestige, as well as their peculiarities with respect to other indigenous leaders of the colonial period. Finally, we make an alternative proposal to the concept of cultural mediators by regarding them as ethnic authorities acting as relational subjects.
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