Aim To investigate the influencing factors in professional identity of undergraduate nursing students after the outbreak of COVID‐19. Design Cross‐sectional study. Methods The study covered 2,999 nursing students in six undergraduate nursing schools. Several self‐report questionnaires were used to collect the general information, psychological stress, coping styles and professional identity of the undergraduate nursing students. Results The overall average score of the professional identity of nursing students (3.67 ± 0.51) has increased significantly after the outbreak of COVID‐19. The professional identity of the undergraduate nursing students was negatively correlated with psychological stress ( r = −0.23, p < .001), expectation ( r = −0.12, p < .001) and avoidance ( r = −0.16, p < .001), but was positively correlated with solving problems ( r = 0.18, p < .001) and seeking support ( r = 0.12, p < .001). Academic performance, positions, grades, reasons for choosing a nursing profession, parents or relatives engaged in nursing work and the risk degree of residence were the factors influencing the professional identity score of undergraduate nursing students' ( p < .001).
Seismic forward modeling in tilted transverse isotropic (TTI) media is crucial for the application of reverse time migration and full-waveform inversion. Modeling based on conventional coupled pseudoacoustic wave equations not only generates SV-wave artifacts, but it also suffers from instabilities in which the anisotropy parameter [Formula: see text]. To address these issues, we have started with the exact vertical transversely isotropic phase velocity formula and developed novel pure qP- and qSV-wave governing equations in TTI media by using the optimal quadratic approximation. For the convenience of using finite-difference (FD) method to solve the new pure qP- and qSV-wave wave equations, we decompose the equations into a combination of a time-space-domain wave equation that can be solved by the FD method and a Poisson equation that can be solved by the pseudospectral method. We find that the high-frequency errors caused by the pseudospectral method and the usual truncation errors in FD schemes may be responsible for the instability of the numerical simulations. To stabilize the computation, we design a 2D low-pass filtering operator to eliminate severe high-frequency numerical noise. Several numerical examples demonstrate that modeling using the new pure qP-wave equations does not have qSV-wave artifacts interference and is stable for [Formula: see text]. Our results indicate that our method can achieve highly accurate and stable modeling results even in extremely complex TTI media.
Time-domain constant-Q (CQ) viscoelastic wave equations have been derived to efficiently model Q, but are known to break down in accuracy in describing CQ attenuation at low Q. In view of this, a new time-domain viscoelastic wave equation for modeling wave propagation in anelastic medium is evaluated based on Kjartansson’s CQ model to improve the accuracy in describing CQ attenuation at low Q. We use an approximate frequency-domain viscoelastic wave equation to replace the accurate frequency-domain viscoelastic wave equation. Then, a new time-domain wave equation is derived by converting the approximate viscoelastic wave equation from the frequency domain to the time domain. The newly derived viscoelastic wave equation consists of several Laplacian differential operators with variable fractional order. We use an arbitrary-order Taylor series expansion (TSE) to approximate the derived mixed domain fractional Laplacian operators, and realize the decoupling of the wavenumber and fractional order. Then, the proposed viscoelastic wave equation can be solved directly using the staggered-grid pseudospectral method (SGPSM). We evaluate the precision of the new viscoelastic wave equation by comparing the numerical solutions with the analytical solutions in homogeneous medium. Theoretical curve analysis and numerical results indicate that the proposed fractional viscoelastic wave equation has higher precision in describing CQ attenuation than that of the traditional fractional viscoelastic wave equation, especially for cases that P-wave quality factor QP is less than 10, and S-wave quality factor QS is less than 8. Furthermore, we use two numerical examples to verify the effectiveness of the TSE SGPSM in heterogeneous media. The discussion shows that the advantage of using our fractional viscoelastic wave equation over the traditional fractional viscoelastic wave equation is the higher precision in describing CQ attenuation at different frequency.
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