Nanomaterials (NMs) have received considerable attention in the field of agrochemicals due to their special properties, such as small particle size, surface structure, solubility and chemical composition. The application of NMs and nanotechnology in agrochemicals dramatically overcomes the defects of conventional agrochemicals, including low bioavailability, easy photolysis, and organic solvent pollution, etc. In this review, we describe advances in the application of NMs in chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which are the two earliest and most researched areas of NMs in agrochemicals. Besides, this article concerns with the new applications of NMs in other agrochemicals, such as bio-pesticides, nucleic acid pesticides, plant growth regulators (PGRs), and pheromone. We also discuss challenges and the industrialization trend of NMs in the field of agrochemicals. Constructing nano-agrochemical delivery system via NMs and nanotechnology facilitates the improvement of the stability and dispersion of active ingredients, promotes the precise delivery of agrochemicals, reduces residual pollution and decreases labor cost in different application scenarios, which is potential to maintain the sustainability of agricultural systems and improve food security by increasing the efficacy of agricultural inputs. Graphical Abstract

Osteosarcoma, a neoplasm thought to be derived from the bone-forming mesenchymal stem cells, is the most common primary bone malignancy, predominantly involving metaphyseal regions of the long bones (eg, proximal end of tibia or humerus and distal end of femur) which are the most rapidly growing parts of the skeleton in children and adolescents. 1-5 The incidence of osteosarcoma follows a bimodal age distribution with ages between 10 and 30 primarily affected. 6-10 The second peak appears in the elderly in which osteosarcoma very often comes as a later cancer secondary to radiation exposure or is associated with Paget disease (a disorder of bone remodelling resulting in structural weakening). 11-16 With the advent of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, doxorubicin and high-dose methotrexate and the advances in surgery, the 5-year survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma has improved from ~20% before the 1980s to currently ~ 70%. 17-22 Nevertheless, half of the patients still do not survive for longer than 10 year. 23-25 Thus, it is

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the major cause of low back pain which incurs a significant public-health and economic burden. The aetiology of IDD is complex, with developmental, genetic, biomechanical and biochemical factors contributing to the disease development. Deregulated phenotypes of nucleus pulposus cells, including aberrant differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, are involved in the initiation and progression of IDD. Non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have recently been identified as important regulators of gene expression. Research into their roles in IDD has been very active over the past 5 years. Our review summarizes current research regarding the roles of deregulated lncRNAs (eg, RP11-296A18.3, TUG1, HCG18) in modulating nucleus pulposus cell functions in IDD. These exciting findings suggest that specific modulation of lncRNAs or their downstream signalling pathways might be an attractive approach for developing novel therapeutics for IDD.