BackgroundMany studies have explored the association between diabetes and nocturia, but it remains unclear. This article systematically analyses existing evidence of the relationship between diabetes and nocturia, including subgroup analysis based on the number of voids, gender, and continent, in the hope of reaching more reliable clinical conclusions relating to diabetes and nocturia.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for identifying studies relating to diabetes and nocturia prior to July 2021. Literature quality evaluation was performed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. A random effect meta-analysis was used for pooled odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) as a means of evaluating the relationship between diabetes and nocturia.ResultsIn total, 29 of 781 potentially relevant studies were proven to be eligible. The overall pooled OR demonstrated that diabetes increases the risk of nocturia (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.38, 1.61; P < 0.00001). The association was found to be more robust among subjects ≥ 1 void than ≥ 2 void (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.41, 2.14; P < 0.00001 vs. OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.33, 1.59; P < 0.00001), in males than females (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.41, 1.79; P < 0.00001 vs. OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.66; P < 0.0001) and in Asia than Europe or North America (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.36, 1.75; P < 0.00001 vs. OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.72; P = 0.0001 vs. OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.73; P < 0.0001).ConclusionsDiabetes has an association with a 1.49-fold higher risk of nocturia. This association is more robust for Asian and male subjects or those at a lower nocturia cut-off.
The contradiction between the supply and demand of public medical resources in China is serious. On the basis of the “graded diagnosis and treatment” model, the Chinese government divides the medical grade and adjusts the allocation of medical facilities so as to alleviate the adverse impact of these issues on residents’ health. Although the government tries to guide residents’ medical treatment according to the level of medical facilities, there are differences between residents’ medical treatment mode and policy rules in reality. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore spatial differences in accessibility to medical services for residents on the basis of the actual medical behavior. This article takes Shaanxi province as the research area, and uses the improved node cost network analysis method with the space-time distance model and the two-step floating catchment area method, respectively, to analyze the spatial differences of accessibility to three-level medical services and evaluate the equity of accessibility in different areas and groups in Shaanxi. Results showed that the overall level of accessibility to primary medical services in the province is good, and spatial distribution is balanced; the polarization of accessibility to secondary and tertiary medical services is a serious issue, and within the research area, a band-shaped multicore spatial structure was formed with the built-up areas of various cities as high-level centers of accessibility. Provincial residents have poor equity to access three-level medical services, and the equity of accessibility to primary medical services is better than that to highly specialized medical services. There is no obvious gap between accessibility to three-level medical services for the aging and the nonaging populations in Shaanxi, but the unfair phenomenon between agricultural and the nonagricultural populations is prominent. In addition, this article found that the improvement in traffic conditions can produce space-time convergence and effectively weaken spatial deprivation. Therefore, developing public transportation is an effective approach to improve the equity of accessibility to medical services.
Edited by George DeMartinoSentrin/small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 2 (SENP2)-deficient mice develop spontaneous seizures in early life because of a marked reduction in M currents, which regulate neuronal membrane excitability. We have previously shown that hyper-SUMOylation of the Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channels is critically involved in the regulation of the M currents conducted by these potassium voltage-gated channels. Here, we show that hyper-SUMOylation of the Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 proteins reduced binding to the lipid secondary messenger PIP 2 . CaM1 has been shown to be tethered to the Kv7 subunits via hydrophobic motifs in its C termini and implicated in the channel assembly. Mutation of the SUMOylation sites on Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 specifically resulted in decreased binding to CaM1 and enhanced CaM1-mediated assembly of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3, whereas hyper-SUMOylation of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 inhibited channel assembly. SENP2-deficient mice exhibited increased acetylcholine levels in the brain and the heart tissue because of increases in the vagal tone induced by recurrent seizures. The SENP2-deficient mice develop seizures followed by a period of sinus pauses or atrioventricular conduction blocks. Chronic administration of the parasympathetic blocker atropine or unilateral vagotomy significantly prolonged the life of the SENP2-deficient mice. Furthermore, we showed that retigabine, an M-current opener, reduced the transcription of SUMO-activating enzyme SAE1 and inhibited SUMOylation of the Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channels, and also prolonged the life of SENP2-deficient mice. Taken together, the previously demonstrated roles of PIP2, CaM1, and retigabine on the regulation of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channel function can be explained by their roles in regulating SUMOylation of this critical potassium channel.
Glass of the Si – Na – Ca – P system has been synthesized by normal melting and annealing technique. The obtained glass powders and annealed blocks were showed to be amorphous by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal properties of glasses were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), it showed that the glass transformation temperature (Tg) was 556.3°C. The behavior of annealed glass discs in simulated body fluid solution (SBF) was studied in polyethylene containers at a constant temperature of 37°C for different time up to 14 days. The changes in the surface morphology and composition were observed by electronic probe microanalyzer (EPMA) associated with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Glass surface changed quickly as soon as immersion took place, and after longer soaking time, it showed different superimposed internal and external layers, which were identified as SiO 2-rich and CaO – P 2 O 5-rich layers, and on the external layer, spherical particles were also discovered.
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