The paper established cournot duopoly competition model with price's co-opetition, introduced degree of willingness to cooperate, and analyzed the impact of price's co-opetition on the degree of willingness to cooperate. the overall profit and individual differences are compared under two cases which are both partial cooperation, one partial cooperation and the other betrayal, revealing the characteristics of decision-making behavior. as co excess profits do not represent the individual's excess profits, betrayal is the optimal choice. reasonably efficient profits allocation mechanisms and contractual constraints, are the condition of oligopolistic stable cooperation.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a high sensitivity analytical method for molecule detection has attracted much attention in recent research. In this work, we demonstrated an improved SERS substrate, which has the gold nanoparticles randomly distributed on a SiO2 interception layer over a gold thin film layer on the flat sapphire substrate (AuNP/SiO2/Au/Sapphire), over the dispersed gold nanoparticles on a silicon substrate (AuNP/Si), for detection of R6G (1 × 10−6 M) in a Raman microscope. The fabrication of sandwich layers on top of the sapphire substrate involves evaporation of a gold mirror as thick as 100 nm, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of the silica insulator layer 10 nm thick, and evaporation of a thin gold layer 10 nm thick for forming gold nanoparticles. For comparison, a gold thin film with a thickness of 5 nm and 10 nm was evaporated on a silicon substrate, respectively (AuNP/Si), as the reference SERS substrates in the experiment. The AuNP/SiO2/Au/Sapphire substrate demonstrated improved sensitivity in detection of molecules in Raman microscopy, which can enable the molecules to be recognizable at a low laser power as 8.5 × 10−3 mW, 0.017 mW, 0.085 mW, and 0.17 mW for ultrashort exposure time. The simulation of AuNP/SiO2/Au/Sapphire substrate and AuNP/Si substrate, based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, explained the improved sensitivity for detection of R6G molecules from the view of classical electromagnetics, and it suggested the optimized size for the gold nanoparticles and the optimized laser wavelength for Raman microscopy for further research.
The color reflector with multiple-layer thin film scheme has attracted much attention because of the potential for massive production by wafer-scale deposition and the possibility to integrate with photonics (semiconductor) devices. Here, an angle-insensitive green reflector with a simple multilayer dielectric thin film structure was reported, with predicted chromatic coordinates based on CIE 1931 standard. The SiN/SiO2 multilayer thin film stack, including a special silicon-rich nitride material with ultrahigh refractive index, was grown alternatively by an inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (ICPCVD) system at a low stage temperature of 80 °C. The green reflector showed a maximum reflectivity of 73% around 561 nm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 87 nm in the visible wavelength range, which contributed significantly to its color appearance. The measurement by an angle-resolved spectrometer under the illumination of p/s-polarized light wave with a variable angle of incidence indicated that the reflectance spectrum blue-shifted slightly with the increasing of incident angle such that the green color could be kept.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.