Photovoltaic (PV) technologies have attracted great interest due to their capability of generating electricity directly from sunlight. Machine learning (ML) is a technique for computer to learn how to perform a specific task using known data. It can be used in many areas and has become a hot research topic recently due to the rapid accumulation of data and advancement of computer hardware. The application of ML techniques in the design and fabrication of solar cells started slowly but has recently gained tremendous momentum. An exhaustive compilation of the literatures indicates that all the major aspects in the research and development of solar cells can be effectively assisted by ML techniques. If combined with other tools and fed with additional theoretical and experimental data, more accurate and robust results can be achieved from ML techniques. The aspects can be grouped into four categories: prediction of material properties, optimization of device structures, optimization of fabrication processes, and reconstruction of measurement data. A statistical analysis of the literatures shows that artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) are the two most applied ML techniques and the topics in the optimization of device structures and optimization of fabrication processes are more popular. This article can be used as a reference by all PV researchers who are interested in ML techniques.
Motivated by proxy signature and blind signature for the secure communications, the batch signature is proposed to create a novel quantum cryptosystem. It is based on three-dimensional two-particle-entangled quantum system which is used to distribute the quantum keys and create strings of quantum-trits (qutrits) for messages. All of the messages, which are expected to be signed, are encrypted by the private key of the message owner during communications. Different from the classical blind signature, an authenticity verification of signatures and an arbitrator's efficient batch proxy signature are simultaneously applied in the present scheme. Analysis of security and efficiency shows that it enables us to achieve a large number of quantum blind signatures for quantities of messages with a high efficiency with the arbitrator's secure batch proxy blind signature.
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