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During the heat treatment of proteinaceous food, heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), a kind of strong mutagens/carcinogens are formed. HAAs can be classified into two major groups based on the heating temperature, which are thermic HAAs generally formed in 150 to 300 °C and pyrolytic HAAs produced above 300 °C. This review focuses on the formation mechanisms of HAAs and identifies different mechanisms of the formation of HAAs in foodstuffs. Moreover, an overview of the available extraction, purification methods, and instrumental analytical methods in the last two decades is shown to determine the HAAs in various foodstuffs. Finally, based on the factors that affect the formation of HAAs in heat‐processed foodstuffs, such as the cooking method, food type, the recipe, and the content of substances with enhancing or inhibiting effects on the formation of HAAs, this review also highlights the most promising strategies for mitigating HAAs, which include adjusting cooking methods or process conditions, adding natural product extracts, antioxidants or other compounds, or reasonable selection of types of foodstuff. The review intends to provide a broad but comprehensive understanding of the formation, extraction, purification, analytical methods, and possible mitigation strategies for isolated and identified HAAs.

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Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in elderly Chinese men. Methods: A total of 401 elderly BPH patients were divided into the without or with MetS group to assess the associations of MetS and components of MetS with BPH. Urologic evaluation included prostate volume, International Prostate Symptom Score, serum prostate-specific antigen, duration of concomitant lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and maximum flow rate. Results: Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, fasting insulin (FINS), insulin resistance assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) were greater and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was lower in BPH patients with MetS than in those without MetS. The patients with MetS showed a significantly larger prostate volume (p = 0.000) and longer duration of LUTS (p = 0.006) than those without MetS. Prostate volume was positively correlated with BMI (p = 0.000), FINS (p = 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.003) and inversely correlated with HDL-C (p = 0.000). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that prostate volume was significantly correlated with HOMA-IR (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Our results suggest that MetS, BMI, low HDL-C level, increased serum insulin and especially insulin resistance are considered risk factors for prostate enlargement in elderly Chinese men.

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