We introduce digital holographic techniques and recent progress in multidimensional sensing. Digital holography can be used to perform multidimensional imaging of three-dimensional structure, dynamics, quantitative phase, multiple wavelengths, and polarization state of light and sensing of a holographic image of nonlinear light and a three-dimensional image of incoherent light.

A new optical configuration of incoherent digital holography is presented to improve the quality of reconstructed images when the random polarization state of incoherent light is used. The proposed system improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the holograms by suppressing the unmodulated terms of a spatial light modulator. To generate the self-interference of a quasi-incoherent point-like source, we use a dual-focusing lens with diffraction gratings. The preliminary experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed method by reconstructing two point-like sources generated by a LED light source. When the pixel pitch of the phase-mode SLM is small enough, the off-axis hologram can be generated. The single-shot recording of the incoherent digital holography is expected.

Sustained neuropathic pain from injury or inflammation remains a major burden for society. Rodent pain models have informed some cellular mechanisms increasing neuronal excitability within the spinal cord and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), but how activity patterns within these circuits change during pain remains unclear. We have applied multiphoton in vivo imaging and holographic stimulation to examine single S1 neuron activity patterns and connectivity during sustained pain. Following pain induction, there is an increase in synchronized neuronal activity and connectivity within S1, indicating the formation of pain circuits. Artificially increasing neuronal activity and synchrony using DREADDs reduced pain thresholds. The expression of N-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel subunits in S1 was increased after pain induction, and locally blocking these channels reduced both the synchrony and allodynia associated with inflammatory pain. Targeting these S1 pain circuits, via inhibiting N-type Ca2+ channels or other approaches, may provide ways to reduce inflammatory pain.

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