, approximately 6.5 million cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and 190,000 SARS-CoV-2-associated deaths have been reported in the United States (1,2). Symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection are milder in children compared with adults (3). Persons aged <21 years constitute 26% of the U.S. population (4), and this report describes characteristics of U.S. persons in that population who died in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as reported by public health jurisdictions. Among 121 SARS-CoV-2-associated deaths reported to CDC among persons aged <21 years in the United States during February 12-July 31, 2020, 63% occurred in males, 10% of decedents were aged <1 year, 20% were aged 1-9 years, 70% were aged 10-20 years, 45% were Hispanic persons, 29% were non-Hispanic Black (Black) persons, and 4% were non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons. Among these 121 decedents, 91 (75%) had an underlying medical condition,* 79 (65%) died after admission to a hospital, and 39 (32%) died at home or in the emergency department (ED). † These data show that nearly three quarters of SARS-CoV-2-associated deaths among infants, children, adolescents, and young adults have occurred in persons aged 10-20 years, with a disproportionate percentage among young adults aged 18-20 years and among Hispanics, Blacks, AI/ANs, and persons with underlying medical conditions. Careful monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 * https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/peoplewith-medical-conditions.html. † Location of death for all cases (121): hospital (79 [65.3%]), home (16 [13.2%]), ED (23 [19.0%]), hospice (one [0.8%]), and unknown (2 [1.7%]).
A large cohort study of 74,828 benzene‐exposed and 35,805 unexposed workers employed between 1972 and 1987 in 12 cities in China were followed to determine mortality from all causes and the incidence of lymphohematopoietic malignancies and other hematologic disorders. Benzene‐exposed study subjects were employed in a variety of occupations, including painting, printing, and the manufacture of footwear, paint, and other chemicals. All‐cause mortality was similar in the benzene‐exposed and unexposed comparison group. Statistically significant excess deaths were noted among benzene‐exposed subjects for leukemia (RR = 2.3, 95% Cl: 1.1–5.0), malignant lymphoma (RR = 4.5, 95% Cl: 1.3–28.4), and non‐neoplastic diseases of the blood (RR = ∞, 95% Cl: 2.5‐∞), and a marginally significant excess was noted for lung cancer (RR = 1.4, 95% Cl: 1.0–2.0). Risk was significantly elevated for the incidence of all lymphohematopoietic malignancies (RR = 2.6, 95% Cl: 1.5–5.0), malignant lymphoma (RR = 3.5, 95% Cl: 1.2–14.9), and leukemia (RR = 2.6, 95% Cl: 1.3–5.7). Among the leukemia subtypes, only acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) incidence was significantly elevated (RR = 3.1, 95% Cl: 1.2–10.7), although nonsignificant excesses were also noted for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) (RR = 2.6, 95% Cl: 0.7–16.9) and lymphocytic leukemias (RR = 2.8, 95% Cl: 0.5–54.5). Significant excesses were found for aplastic anemia (RR = ∞, 95% Cl: 2.2‐∞) and myelodysplastic syndrome (RR = ∞, 95% Cl: 1.7‐∞). Employment in benzene‐associated occupations in China is associated with a wide spectrum of myelogenous and lymphocytic malignant diseases and related disorders. Investigations continue to assess the nature of these associations. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Objectives: Posterior laminectomy with instrumented fusion and laminoplasty are widely used for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (MCSM). There is great controversy over the preferred surgical method. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes and safety between laminectomy with instrumented fusion and laminoplasty for the treatment of MCSM. Methods: Related studies that compared the effectiveness of laminectomy with instrumented fusion and laminoplasty for the treatment of MCSM were acquired by a comprehensive search in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane library, CNKI, VIP, and WANFANG up to April 2018. Included studies were evaluated according to eligibility criteria. The main endpoints included: preoperative and postoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores, preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS), preoperative and postoperative cervical range of motion (ROM), preoperative and postoperative cervical curvature index (CCI), overall complication rate, C5 nerve palsy rate, axial symptoms rate, operation time and blood loss. Results: A total of 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis. All of the selected studies were of high quality as indicated by the Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS). Among 1131 patients, 555 underwent laminectomy with instrumented fusion and 576 underwent laminoplasty. The results of this meta-analysis indicated no significant difference in preoperative and postoperative JOA scores, preoperative and postoperative VAS, preoperative and postoperative CCI, preoperative ROM and axial symptoms rate. However, compared with laminoplasty, laminectomy with instrumented fusion exhibited a higher overall complication rate [RR = 1.99, 95% confidence intervals (CI) (1.24, 3.21), P <.05], a higher C5 palsy rate [RR = 2.22, 95% CI (1.30, 3.80), P <.05], a decreased postoperative ROM [SMD = −1.51, 95% CI (−2.14, −0.88), P <.05], a longer operation time [SMD = 0.51, 95% CI (0.12, 0.90), P <.05] and increased blood loss [SMD = 0.47, 95% CI (0.30, 0.65), P <.05]. Conclusion: These results suggested that both posterior laminectomy with instrumented fusion and laminoplasty were determined to be effective for MCSM. However, laminoplasty appeared to allow for a greater ROM, lower overall complication and C5 palsy rates, shorter operation time and lower blood loss. Future well-designed, randomized controlled trials are still needed to further confirm our results.
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