Realising the Oil Supply Potential of the CIS: The Impact of Institutions and PoliciesThis paper provides an overview of the political economy of oil in the CIS. It briefly situates the region's oil sector potential in the global context, before analysing the structural features of the oil sectors by country. It examines the ways in which CIS oil industries have been organised and governed since 1991, as well as questions of transport infrastructure and export routes, which are especially critical for Central Asia's landlocked producers. The paper finally considers the causes and likely consequences of the recent shift towards greater state ownership and control in Russia and Kazakhstan, the region's most important oil producers. The paper's central argument is that these changes have increased the risk that the full hydrocarbon potential of the CIS may not be developed in a timely and economically efficient way.JEL Classification: L71, O57, P28, Q41
Résumé
Réaliser le potentiel pétrolier des pays de la CEI : l'impact des institutions et des politiques publiquesCette étude présente un panorama de l'économie politique du secteur pétrolier dans les pays de la CEI. Après une brève description du potentiel de la région, vu dans un contexte global, une analyse des caractéristiques structurelles des secteurs pétroliers pays par pays est présentée. L'étude propose également un examen des modes d'organisation et de gestion des industries pétrolières depuis 1991, ainsi que des questions d'infrastructure de transport et des routes de transit pour l'exportation, qui sont particulièrement cruciales pour les producteurs enclavés d'Asie Centrale. Enfin, les causes et les conséquences probables du mouvement récent vers un contrôle croissant du secteur par l'état en Russie et au Kazakhstan, les deux plus importants producteurs de la région, sont analysées. La conclusion principale de l'étude est que ces changements ont accru le risque que le plein potentiel des pays de la CEI ne soit pas développé de manière opportune et économiquement efficiente.
In this paper we explore the reasons for the apparent convergence in sickness and disability policies across the OECD, asking whether and to what extent policy convergence should be seen as a product of policy learning. We conclude that convergence is the result of policy imitation more than policy learning and that learning (from past mistakes) is more likely within countries than across borders. Given limited evidence on what really "works", when it comes to designing policies that both provide adequate income security and still encourage labour-force participation, governments look abroad or to bodies like the OECD for possible models and ideas to underlie a reform. However, translating those ideas into workable policies requires great sensitivity to the institutional and politicaleconomic context -especially the role of the social partners and the nature of policies in existence. When it comes to policy implementation, such contextual learning may be crucial.i ssr_1345 41..62
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