No abstract

provide views at 900 angles to one another. No hemiaxial views were taken. A stratified random sampling scheme was used to ensure selection of a representative spectrum of coronary disease groups, as categorized by the number of major vessels with at least 70% stenosis and by normal or abnormal left ventricular function. Only films estimated to be of adequate technical quality were eligible for this study. Eleven physicians, representing the Seattle Heart Watch cooperating facilities, individually reviewed these ten films in a pre-assigned random order and completed the standard Heart Watch arteriography forms. Three of the eleven subsequently met to resolve differences of opinion and provide a joint reading which could serve as a standard from an "expert panel."Raw observations collected were: the estimated amount of stenosis (percent narrowing in the diameters) of each of ten vessel segments, the presence or absence of collaterals, the degree of left ventricular contraction according to a qualitative five-division grading, as well as a film quality rating, and an overall assessment of the presence of coronary artery disease.The statistical approach taken for all entirely numerical variables was to use the standard deviation of the responses as a measure of the amount of variability and thus of the amount of agreement. When considering the amount of agreement on variables that were at least partially nominal in nature, standard deviations were not always applicable. For example, each reader was asked to estimate the amount of narrowing (to the nearest 10%) in the diameters of each of ten vessel segments from each patient. However, when the vessel segment was not sufficiently visible to allow an assess-324 CIRCULATION by guest on

Future research should focus on decreasing the risk of injury to linemen.

This article examined the effects of body-object interaction (BOI) on semantic processing. BOI measures perceptions of the ease with which a human body can physically interact with a word's referent. In Experiment 1, BOI effects were examined in 2 semantic categorization tasks (SCT) in which participants decided if words are easily imageable. Responses were faster and more accurate for high BOI words (e.g., mask) than for low BOI words (e.g., ship). In Experiment 2, BOI effects were examined in a semantic lexical decision task (SLDT), which taps both semantic feedback and semantic processing. The BOI effect was larger in the SLDT than in the SCT, suggesting that BOI facilitates both semantic feedback and semantic processing. The findings are consistent with the embodied cognition perspective (e.g., Barsalou's, 1999, Perceptual Symbols Theory), which proposes that sensorimotor interactions with the environment are incorporated in semantic knowledge.

Most current models of the neurophysiology of basic reading processes agree on a system involving two cortical streams: a ventral stream (occipital-temporal) used when accessing familiar words encoded in lexical memory, and a dorsal stream (occipital-parietal-frontal) used when phonetically decoding words (i.e., mapping sublexical spelling onto sounds). The models diverge, however, on the issue of whether the insular cortex is involved. The present fMRI study required participants to read aloud exception words (e.g., 'one', which must be read via lexical memory) and pseudohomophones (e.g., 'wun', which must be read via sublexical spelling to sound translation) to examine the processing streams as well as the insular cortex, and their relationship to lexical and sublexical reading processes. The present study supports the notion of independent ventral-lexical and dorsal-sublexical streams, and further suggests the insular cortex to be sensitive to phonological processing (particularly sublexical spelling-sound translation). These latter findings illuminate the nature of insular activity during reading, which must be explored further in future studies, and accounted for in models of the neurophysiology of reading.