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Cross-validation is an important and often neglected step in the scientific process. Measurement models can vary across samples and must be tested and retested before they are accepted as valid. In a review of user satisfaction instruments, Klenke concludes that there is an appalling lack of effort to cross-validate MIS instruments and calls for efforts to retest the End-User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) instrument using new data. Using different sampling methods and a new sample of 359 respondents, this study replicates an earlier confirmatory factor analysis of the EUCS instrument. This replication suggests that the EUCS instrument is robust (i.e., not affected by sampling methods) and can be used with confidence to evaluate information systems.

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While managers and researchers agree that the fuzzy front end of new product development (NPD) is critical for project success, the meaning of the term``front-end fuzziness'' remains vague. It is often used broadly to refer to both the exogenous causes and the internal consequences of fuzziness. This imprecise language makes it difficult for managers to separate cause and effect and thus identify specific prescriptive remedies for`f uzziness'' problems. The vagueness of the concept and the lack of a framework for defining``front-end fuzziness'' also impede empirical research efforts. Building upon uncertainty theory, we define front-end fuzziness in terms of environmental uncertainties. Front-end fuzziness has consequences for a project's team vision. It reduces the team's sense of shared purpose and causes unclear project targets and priorities. Describes how foundation elements of a firm's overall product development program can help project teams cope with front-end fuzziness.