RESUMENLa deserción estudiantil universitaria es uno de los mayores problemas con el que se enfrenta el sistema de educación superior. Las autoridades de las universidades han venido presentando gran preocupación debido a que ante el aumento en la demanda de la educación superior, el número de alumnos que logra culminar sus estudios superiores no es el esperado, evidenciándose el abandono de un gran número de estudiantes en los primeros semestres. Esto genera problemas financieros en las universidades. La finalidad de este artículo es mostrar, luego de una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, los modelos existentes en relación con la deserción estudiantil en la universidad y responder las cuestiones que giran en torno a este tema.
Palabras clave: deserción, deserción estudiantil, permanencia, retención
ABSTRACTCollege student dropout is one of the greatest problems faced by the higher education system. University authorities have been showing great concern because, in spite of the increase in demand for higher education, the number of students that complete their education is not as expected, demonstrating that a large number of students abandons school, mainly during the initial semesters. This generates financial problems to the universities. This paper aims to show, after a comprehensive literature review, existing models in connection with college student dropout and answer the questions to this regard.
In this research, we present the essential principles of an authentic outcome based educational model related to the development of learning outcomes, performance indicators and their rubrics with a focus on measurement of specific skills related to Bloom's 3 learning domains and their learning levels for engineering specializations. An analysis of culminating ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission student outcomes is made with reference to Bloom's 3 learning domains and their learning levels. A hypothetical model is presented for this analysis. The correlation of ABET student outcomes, course learning outcomes and performance indicators is clearly outlined. The necessity of the use of performance indicators is highlighted especially in reference to the measurement of course learning outcomes, development of assessments, teaching and learning activities. The importance of scientific constructive alignment of learning outcomes, performance indicators, assessments, teaching and learning strategies is discussed. A novel hybrid rubric for accurate assessment and scoring of student performances is also presented. Actual examples of implementation of this theory to program, course and student level performance evaluations using state of the art web based digital technology are shown. In summary, the benefits of specific performance indicators over generic ones are explained in detail with respect to support of authentic OBE principles, scientific constructive alignment, accurate measurement of student performances in specific engineering learning activities, performance failure analysis and continuous quality improvement.
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