This experiment was designed to explore the effects of externally imposed deadlines on individuals' task performance and their subsequent interest in the task. In two deadline conditions, subjects were given an explicit time limit for solving a series of initially interesting word games. In one condition, the importance of finishing was stated explicitly; in the other condition, the deadline was left implicit. In two control conditions, subjects worked on the puzzles without any explicit time limit. In one condition, subjects were asked to work at their own pace; in the other, they were asked to solve the puzzles as fast as possible. Virtually all subjects finished in the allotted time. Unobtrusive measures of subsequent interest indicated that in the absence of external constraints, subjects in the deadline conditions were less interested in the game than subjects in the nondeadline conditions. The theoretical implications of these findings for the overjustification hypothesis are discussed.
BACKGROUND: Approximately half of the families asked to consider donation of a relative's organs decline to give consent. Understanding the difference between stated public support of organ donation and actual behavior is key to decreasing the shortage of donor organs. OBJECTIVES: To gain insight into the experiences of potential donor families and to define features of the donation-request process and other factors that are associated with consent for organ donation. METHODS: A structured telephone interview was conducted with the immediate next of kin of 164 medically suitable potential organ donors. Interviews 30 to 60 minutes long were held with members of both donor and nondonor families 4 to 6 months after the death of the study participant's relative. RESULTS: Several factors were associated with consent for organ donation: characteristics of the patient and the patient's family, beliefs and attitudes about organ donation and transplantation, whether the family knew the deceased's wishes about donation, the family's satisfaction with the hospital care that their relative received, specific aspects of the donation-request process, and the family's understanding of brain death. CONCLUSIONS: Organ donation rates could be increased by enhancing the quality of hospital care and ensuring that the request for donation is handled in a way that meets the families' informational and emotional needs.
The unique drinking patterns of college students call for Event-Specific Prevention (ESP) strategies that address college student drinking associated with peak times and events. Despite limited research evaluating ESP, many college campuses are currently implementing programming for specific events. The present paper provides a review of existing literature related to ESP and offers practical guidance for research and practice. The prevention typology proposed by DeJong and Langford (2002) provides a framework for strategic planning, suggesting that programs and policies should address problems at the individual, group, institution, community, state, and society level, and that these interventions should focus on knowledge change, environmental change, health protection, and intervention and treatment services. From this typology, specific examples are provided for comprehensive program planning related to orientation/beginning of school year, homecoming, 21 st birthday celebrations, spring break, and graduation. In addition, the University of Connecticut's efforts to address problems resulting from its annual Spring Weekend are described as an illustration of how advance planning by campus and community partners can produce a successful ESP effort. KeywordsCollege; Alcohol; Prevention; Intervention; Policy OverviewOver the past decades, college student drinking has received significant attention from students, parents, campus administrators, and public health officials. As a result of this process, a range of prevention and intervention programs have been developed to address heavy or high-risk drinking. Most of these interventions seek to reduce students' overall level of alcohol
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