parameters. Nevertheless, the preliminary findings here are expected to benefit the nanowire community in stimulating further investigation of these alternatives in nanowire growth, characterization, and application development. ExperimentalThe synthetic approach involves a carbothermal reduction process followed by catalyst-assisted heteroepitaxial growth using a previously reported reaction chamber setup [8]. Briefly, the source consisted of powder forms of stannous tin oxide (SnO, 99.999 % purity) and synthetic graphite (99.999 % purity) in a 1:1 weight ratio. The source was placed 2±3 cm upstream of the a-sapphire substrates inside a horizontal tubular reactor with an open egress. The substrate was coated with a 2 nm thin film of a catalyst material by ion-beam sputtering. Stannous tin oxide was the source material of choice here due to its relative thermal and chemical volatility compared with stannic tin oxide. The open-egress design creates a relatively more oxidative environment by back-diffusion of ambient oxygen and carbon dioxide. Crosscontamination was minimized by allowing only one catalyst species in the chamber per run and baking the chamber at 1000 C and 450 sccm argon for one hour between runs. Other process conditions were fixed at a constant argon carrier gas flow rate (Ar, 99.999 %, 450 sccm), 840±860 C temperature window, and a growth time of 60 min. Characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a field-emission Hitachi S4000 at 10 kV and 15 lA, without deposition of a gold coat on the samples. Embedded-capacitor technology is an important emerging technology that will enable significant improvement of the performance and functionality of future electronic devices.[1,2] Embedded capacitors are specially printed portions of printed-circuit-board (PCB) laminates which perform the charge-storing function but do not require space on the surface of the PCB. One major technical challenge for implementing this technology is the development of appropriate dielectric materials with good electrical and mechanical properties, because traditional ceramic dielectrics cannot be applied by current PCB manufacturing methodologies. [3,4] Particulate-filled (0±3 connectivity)polymer-based composites provide an ideal solution, possessing enhanced electrical properties and retaining the mechanical properties of the matrix. Much research work has been done on ceramic±polymer systems that adopt traditional ceramics as fillers, e.g., BaTiO 3 , [5] PZT, [6] and PMN-PT. [7,8] The advantages of these composites include predictable dielectric behavior, low dielectric loss, and easy fabrication. However, in most cases these composites have relatively low dielectric constants, e r , (usually < 100) even with high ceramic loadings (> 50 vol.-%). High ceramic loadings will deteriorate the mechanical qualities of the composites and the resulting PCBs. In developing the percolation theory of the conductor±insu-lator composites, [9] the observation of a dramatic increase of e r at the percola...

Aqueous monosaccharide solutions including glucose or fructose have been hydrothermally treated in a closed system to form colloidal carbon spheres. In-situ Raman and 13 C NMR have been used to quantify the intramolecular dehydration moiety, HMF, as an intermediate. An aqueous glucose solution forms a carbon sphere via an intermolecular dehydration route without forming HMF during initial hydrothermal treatment and followed by carbonization at 170-180 °C. However, an aqueous fructose solution initially forms HMF by intramolecular dehydration at 120-140 °C. Upon subsequent polymerization, microscopic carbon-containing spheres assemble to larger spheres, thereby generating a grain-like surface morphology. The carbon sphere contains a dense hydrophobic carbon core and a hydrophilic shell.