LC-MS-MS has been performed with triple-quadrupole (QqQ) and quadrupole-time of flight (Q-ToF) instruments and has been used for screening and confirmation of pharmaceuticals in surface, drinking, and ground water. Screening was based on monitoring of one specific MS-MS ion of the target compounds. Confirmation of the identity of the pharmaceuticals was based either on the monitoring of two specific MS-MS ions and calculation of the ratio of their intensities, or on the exact masses of MS-MS product ions obtained for a molecular ion by use of LC-Q-ToF MS. The set of pharmaceuticals included four analgesics (acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and paracetamol), three antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol), five blood-lipid regulators and beta-blockers (fenofibrate, bezafibrate, clofibric acid, bisoprolol, and metoprolol), and the anti-epileptic drug carbamazepine. Limits of quantification ranged from 5 to 25 ng L(-1). Fifty-six samples were analysed and residues of the pharmaceuticals were detected in almost all surface and groundwater and in some drinking water samples. The identity of the compounds could be confirmed by use of both QqQ- and Q-ToF-based LC-MS-MS. However, the latter technique has the distinct advantage that a large number of pharmaceuticals can be screened and confirmed at low concentrations (1-100 ng L(-1)) in one run.

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The potential of liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ MS) was compared to that of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-ToF MS) for the determination of microconstituents. Three applications were studied: (1) the ng/l quantification of five human drugs in surface water and waste-water effluents; (2) the quantification and confirmation of three corticosteroids in bovine urine at concentrations of 1-100 microg/l, and; (3) the confirmation of nicotine in rat plasma. In all cases, the criteria of the EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC were followed (for confirmation analysis two MS/MS ions were monitored, and the ratio of their abundances were calculated and compared with those of standards). With both techniques fully satisfactory results were obtained in almost all instances. That is, unequivocal confirmation according to the most stringent EU criteria, those for "illegal compounds", was possible.One main advantage of LC-Q-ToF MS is that for identification and confirmation purposes, full MS/MS spectra are available after a single injection: no second injection, as required with QqQ MS, is needed. As well as the increased efficiency, the enhanced selectivity due to the impressive mass selectivity of LC-Q-ToF MS must be emphasized, which allows accurate masses of fragment ions to be calculated. Method characteristics such as linear dynamic range and repeatability were found to be essentially the same for both techniques, but LC-QqQ MS has the advantage that its detection limits are somewhat lower.

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