The maximum data throughput in a single mode optical fibre is a function of both the signal bandwidth and the wavelength-dependent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, we investigate the use of hybrid discrete Raman & rare-earth doped fibre amplifiers to enable wide-band signal gain, without spectral gaps between amplification bands. We describe the widest continuous coherent transmission bandwidth experimentally demonstrated to date of 16.83 THz, achieved by simultaneously using the S-, C-and L-bands. The variation of fibre parameters over this bandwidth, together with the hybrid amplification method result in a significant SNR wavelengthdependence. To cope with this, the signal was optimised for each SNR, wavelength and transmission band. By using a system-tailored set of geometrically shaped constellations, we demonstrate the transmission of 660⇥25 GBd channels over 40 km, resulting in a record single mode fibre net throughput of 178.08 Tbit/s. Index Terms-Broadband transmission system, high order modulation format, geometric shaping.

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A key limitation of precise point positioning (PPP) is the long convergence time, which requires about 30 min under normal conditions. Frequent cycle slips or data gaps in real-time operation force repeated re-convergence. Repairing cycle slips with GPS data alone in severely blocked environments is difficult. Adding GLONASS data can supply redundant observations, but adds the difficulty of having to deal with differing wavelengths. We propose a single-difference between epoch (SDBE) method to integrate GPS and GLONASS for cycle slip fixing. The inter-system bias can be eliminated by SDBE, thus only one receiver clock parameter is needed for both systems. The inter-frequency bias of GLONASS satellites also cancels in the SDBE, so cycle slips are preserved as integers, and the LAMBDA method is adopted to search for cycle slips. Data from 7 days of 20 globally distributed IGS sites were selected to test the proposed cycle slip fixing procedure with artificial blocking of the signal; cycle slips were introduced for all unblocked satellites at each epoch. For a 30-s sampling interval, the average success rate of fixing can be improved from 73 to 98 % by adding GLONASS. Even for a 180-s sampling interval, GPS ? GLONASS can achieve a success rate of 81 %. A real-time kinematic PPP experiment was also performed, and the results show that using GPS ? GLONASS can achieve continuous high-accuracy real-time PPP without re-convergence.

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