In subduction zones, the subduction of oceanic plates would drive complex mantle flow with a pattern affected by several factors, including the thermal structure of the subducting slab, the slab shape, the overriding plate thickness, and the viscosity of the surrounding mantle (e.g., Funiciello et al., 2003;Jadamec & Billen, 2010;Stegman et al., 2006). For a single slab subduction system, the dominant flow regimes include 2-D corner flow in the mantle wedge and subslab domain induced by viscous coupling between the subducting slab and the surrounding mantle (e.g., Kincaid & Sacks, 1997;Van Keken et al., 2002), and 3-D toroidal flow invoked by slab rollback (e.g., Faccenda & Capitanio, 2012;Long & Silver, 2008). The flow pattern may become more complicated when considering interactions of multiple subducting slabs as revealed by recent numerical modeling studies (e.g., Di Leo et al., 2014;Holt et al., 2017;Király et al., 2018). The eastern SE Asia region represents one of the ideal places for studying dynamics and evolution of subduction zones because of its long-lived subduction history and the assembly of slab subduction at various stages (Figure 1) (e.g., Hall, 2002;Yin, 2010). In its northern part, the Philippine region is characterized by the presence of active subduction zones on its both sides. To the west, the South China Sea (SCS), Sulu Sea, and Celebes Basins are subducting beneath the Philippine archipelago along
Volcanic eruptions, despite causing large-scale disasters, also provide important natural resources and are an effective way to understand the Earth's internal structure and its evolution. Herein, a comprehensive review is presented on recent progress in geophysical imaging of the structure and origin of intraplate volcanoes in Mainland China. We primarily focus on the Changbaishan, Wudalianchi, Tengchong, Hainan, and Ashikule volcanoes as they are currently active and hence, likely potential hazards during future eruptions, particularly the Changbianshan volcano. The Changbaishan and Wudalianchi volcanoes are widely believed to be caused by the dehydration of the stagnant Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) along with wet upwelling in the big mantle wedge (BMW). There are a number of different views regarding the formation mechanism of the Tengchong volcano. Some studies suggest that a BMW structure is also present under eastern Tibet, and the Tengchong volcano has a deep origin, similar to volcanism in northeast China. Others suggest that the Tengchong volcano is caused by a local and shallow process. Most tomographic studies suggest that the Hainan volcano is a hotspot, and its track has been located in Southeast China by combining seismological, geochemical, and numerical modeling data. A gap exists between the subducted Indian Plate and the Tarim lithosphere beneath the Ashikule volcano, which provides a channel for asthenospheric upwelling to give rise to intralplate volcanism in the Ashikule basin. The interactions of lithospheres may produce shear heating of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), which can generate localized melting. This process has been proposed as an explanation for the intraplate volcanism in Ashikule.
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