Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process by which cells degrade intracellular proteins and organelles in the lysosomes. Canonical autophagy requires all autophagy proteins (ATGs), whereas noncanonical autophagy is activated by diverse agents in which some of the essential autophagy proteins are dispensable. How noncanonical autophagy is induced and/or inhibited is still largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that AMDE-1, a recently identified chemical that can induce canonical autophagy, was able to elicit noncanonical autophagy that is independent of the ULK1 (unc-51-like kinase 1) complex and the Beclin1 complex. AMDE-1-induced noncanonical autophagy could be specifically suppressed by various V-ATPase (vacuolar-type H+-ATPase) inhibitors, but not by disturbance of the lysosome function or the intracellular ion redistribution. Similar findings were applicable to a diverse group of stimuli that can induce noncanonical autophagy in a FIP200-independent manner. AMDE-1-induced LC3 lipidation was colocalized with the Golgi complex, and was inhibited by the disturbance of Golgi complex. The integrity of the Golgi complex was also required for multiple other agents to stimulate noncanonical LC3 lipidation. These results suggest that the Golgi complex may serve as a membrane platform for noncanonical autophagy where V-ATPase is a key player. V-ATPase inhibitors could be useful tools for studying noncanonical autophagy.
Magnetically separable MnFe2O4 was prepared
successfully by a sol–gel combustion method. The synthesized
MnFe2O4 was characterized by X-ray diffraction
(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) surface area, zeta potential, and magnetic hysteresis loops.
The catalytic activity of MnFe2O4 was evaluated
by the ozonation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) at different solution pH
value, ozone gas concentration, MnFe2O4 dosage,
and initial 4-CP concentration. The ozone consumption was monitored
and the ·OH exposure was calculated in different processes. It
was found that MnFe2O4 was highly effective
in catalyzing ozone decomposition and favored to generate more hydroxyl
radicals. Moreover, the synergistically catalytic effect between Mn
and Fe in MnFe2O4 was confirmed. Finally, lifetime
of MnFe2O4 was measured in a novel integrated
membrane-heterogeneous catalytic ozonation reactor designed for the
first time. All the experimental results show that MnFe2O4 is a highly recoverable, efficient, and durable catalyst
in the ozonation.
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