A combined "emic-etic" approach was adopted to develop an indigenous omnibus personality inventory for the Chinese people. The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) consists of constructs selected specifically in consideration of the Chinese culture as well as scales covering personality constructs commonly found in English-language psychological tests. Preliminary results confirmed the robust structure of the scales related to Chinese tradition among random samples of subjects in the People's Republic of China and in Hong Kong. This article reports the psychometric properties of the CPAI. It also outlines the steps in the construction of the CPAI, which adapted personality assessment methods used in Western countries for developing a culturally relevant instrument in a non-Western culture. The methodology provides an example for the development of indigenous personality inventories in other non-Western cultures.

Twenty-six studies on the clinical applications of the Chinese version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in China are reviewed. The results show that the basic scales are able to differentiate between normals and psychiatric patients, including schizophrenics, manics, depressives, and neurotics. Distinctive profiles were obtained for the different diagnostic groups, similar to the clinical patterns observed in the United States. The average T scores for Scales F, 2, and 8, which were high among Chinese normals, were further elevated among the patient groups. When the Chinese norm was applied, the T scores on the clinical scales fell under 70 for all patient groups. The Chinese researchers suggested a cutoff value of 60 for the Chinese norm. Concordance between MMPI profiles and clinical diagnoses was high for the schizophrenics and moderate for the other patient groups. The results support the clinical applications of the Chinese MMPI in China.The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has been translated into Chinese in Hong Kong and China. Studies using these Chinese versions have consistently shown that several scales are elevated even among normal subjects (Cheung, 1985;Song, Zhang, & Yang, 1980). In particular, Scales F, 2, and 8 average T scores of around 70, especially among male subjects. Similar elevations have been found in other studies using the Chinese version on Chinese subjects in Singapore (Boey, 1985) or with the English version of the MMPI on Chinese subjects (Kadri, 1971;Sue & Sue, 1974), raising concern about the interpretation of pathology on the basis of these elevated scores. These observations pose questions about the cross-cultural validity of the MMPI: Can psychiatric patients be differentiated from normals on the Chinese MMPI? Are comparable MMPI profiles found among Chinese and American psychiatric patients? Should a Chinese norm be developed to replace the American norm in scoring the Chinese MMPI?The translation and adaptation of the Chinese MMPI in Hong Kong and China have been reported on by Cheung (1985Cheung ( , 1986 and Song et al. (1980). The reliability of the Chinese version and its translation equivalence to the English version have been established in local studies (Boey, 1985;Cheung, 1985; National MMPI Coordinating Group, 1982;. The testretest reliability of the Chinese MMPI ranges from .78 to .86 for Chinese subjects in Singapore, Hong Kong, and China. The correlation between the Chinese and the English versions ranges from .53 in China, where proficiency in English is lower, to .81 in Singapore and Hong Kong. Thus the differences in the means of Chinese and American normals on a number of MMPI clini-Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to

Elevated r scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) F scale have been found among Chinese normative and criterion groups. The elevation may be attributed to cultural differences in endorsement percentages of the F scale items on which the Chinese subjects in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Hong Kong tend to endorse more frequently than originally designed. To construct a Chinese infrequency scale, 2 sets of items were chosen, using 10% and 15% endorsement percentages of the combined group of Hong Kong and PRC subjects as the criteria for item selection (ICH1 and ICH2). These infrequency scales were validated using criterion groups in Hong Kong and the PRC, including psychiatric patients, prisoners, fake-good subjects, and fakebad subjects.Studies using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Hathaway & McKinley, 1967) with Chinese subjects have invariably reported elevated scores on Scale F for normative and criterion groups when the American norm is used. These elevations were observed whether the English version was taken by Chinese American college students (Sue & Sue, 1974) or the Chinese version was taken by "normals" as well as by psychiatric patients in the People's Republic of China (

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We present a rare case of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage due to its venous aneurysms. A 63-year-old woman was admitted for a sudden loss of consciousness. Computed tomography angiograph, magnetic resonance imaging angiography, and digital subtraction angiography revealed a superior sagittal sinus DAVF. The fistula was fed by the left middle meningeal artery and left internal carotid artery, and was drained by a right vein of Trolard, the superficial Sylvian vein, deep Sylvian vein, and basal vein to the vein of Galen. The drainage veins were enlarged obviously with 3 aneurysmal venous malformations. There was a stenosis segment on the right basal vein. All the anatomic factors of direct cortical vein drainage, normal deep vein drainage, long tortuous drainage vein, outflow restriction, and multiple venous aneurysms, were contributed to the aggressive presentation of our case. Transarterial complete embolization of the fistula with balloon protection was successfully performed. Nine months later, a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging showed a complete disappearance of the 2 venous aneurysms located in the deep Sylvian vein and basal vein, and an obvious decrease in size of the venous aneurysm of the superficial Sylvian vein. This is the first report of a DAVF with 3 ballooned venous aneurysms and a spontaneous anatomy resolution of the venous aneurysms after the embolization of the fistula. At the same time, the clinical and radiologic characteristics of variant superior sagittal sinus DAVFs were summarized by review of the literatures reported previously.

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