Understanding pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and their perceptions of challenges, barriers, and facilitators towards medication therapy management (MTM) provision are vital in informing the design and implementation of successful service delivery. Thus, this review examined pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices, and their perceived challenges, barriers, and facilitators to MTM services provision, globally. A systematic search was conducted on 1–31 August 2022 to identify relevant studies on PubMed and EBSCO, supplemented with a bibliographic and a particular hand search. We focused on original research in quantitative survey form with the key concepts of “medication therapy management”, “pharmacists”, and “knowledge, attitude, practice”. We assessed the reporting quality using the Checklist for Reporting of Survey Studies (CROSS). Results are reported narratively and according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. From 237 articles identified, 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. Of the included studies, five reported that pharmacists had a considerable level of knowledge, seven suggested a positive attitude among pharmacists, and five revealed that pharmacists had been practicing some MTM elements. Factors associated with pharmacists’ KAP may include age, educational degree, additional qualification, income, years of practice, practice setting, and experience in patient care service. The challenges toward MTM provision were related to the pharmacist-patient and pharmacist-physician relationship. Insufficient time, staff, compensation, and training were the barriers, while patients’ willingness to participate and educational background were the facilitators of MTM provision. These findings of studies on KAP could help develop an MTM program and design an intervention to improve program effectiveness. Further research focusing on other quantitative and qualitative studies of KAP is needed to obtain a comprehensive approach to MTM provision.
IntroductionThe use of medication therapy management (MTM) is a proven method for reducing medication errors. MTM services rely heavily on pharmacists as service providers, particularly in community health centers (CHCs). Thus, understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of MTM among pharmacists in CHCs is crucial to the strategy for the implementation of MTM program in Indonesia. This study aimed to assess the level of KAP regarding MTM among pharmacists working at CHCs and its associated factors and investigate pharmacists’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators of MTM provision in the future.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted. The respondents were pharmacists working at CHCs in 28 provinces in Indonesia. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the responses. Demographic differences were determined using Chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis tests, and associations were identified using multivariable ordinal regression for knowledge and multivariable logistic regression for attitude and practice. Barriers and facilitators were determined from codes and categories of frequency derived from pharmacists’ responses to the open-ended questions.ResultsOf the 1,132 pharmacists, 74.9% had a high level of knowledge, 53.6% had a positive attitude, and 57.9% had a positive practice toward MTM. Gender, practice settings, province of CHCs, years of practice, and experience in MTM services were factors associated with the KAP level. Respondents perceived that the chronic disease conditions in Indonesia, MTM service features, and current practices were facilitators of MTM provision. The lack of interprofessional collaboration, staff, pharmacist knowledge, patient cooperation, facilities/drug supply/documentation systems, stakeholder support, and patient compliance were the most common barriers to MTM implementation in the future.ConclusionMost of the pharmacists had high knowledge of MTM; however, only half had positive attitudes and practices toward MTM. Information about factors associated with the KAP level suggests that direct involvement is essential to improve pharmacists’ understanding and view of MTM. Pharmacists also perceived barriers to the MTM provision in the future, such as interprofessional and pharmacist-patient relationships. A training program is needed to improve the KAP of MTM and develop skills for collaborating with other healthcare professionals and communicating with patients.
This study aims to identify the system of Islamic education faced by the Pesantren during the period of upheaval. This study is a preliminary qualitative study aimed at analyzing various literature on the critical issues of Pesantrens during the period of disruption. The data obtained in this study were collected using documentation methods and subsequently validated using source triangulation techniques. Data analysis was conducted in three stages: data reduction, presentation, and conclusion formulation. The study revealed the following. (1) Pesantrens will activate the Islamic education system by expanding the scope of the santri through extracurricular activities according to the interests and talents of the santri. Pesantrens will focus on all areas of life (Internet of Things), big data, and artificial intelligence for information gathering and knowledge transfer. (2) The Role of Pesantrens in an era of disruption following Advances in Science and Technology. Islamic education still depends on three terms – tarbiyah, ta’lim, and ta’dib – and the use of each has many implications. The role of science and technology can be fulfilled through innovation, teaching methods and media. (3) The digital needs of a disruptive age in Pesantrens can make accessing information and knowledge easier for the santri. Changes in Islamic education will be examined, particularly the medium of instruction, teaching methods, and the Islamic curriculum in the digital age. (4) Solves the problems of the system of Islamic education in Pesantrens by adapting and restructuring it to the social requirements and challenges of the digital age based on Islamic principles. The strategies of the project are: improving Pesantrens based on values, improving the human resources of Pesantrens, improving the material and technical base of Pesantrens and the development of Pesantren curricula
This study is focused on identifying the factor of students’ anxiety and solution to reduce anxiety in speaking English at the third Semester Students of English Education Department of Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten in Academic Year 2021/2022. The formulated problems of this study were: (1) What are the causes of students’ anxiety in speaking English? (2) How are the solutions to reduce students’ anxiety in speaking English? The method used qualitative method. The participants of this study were third semester students majoring in English Education at Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten. The data were gathered through questionnaire and interview. The results of this study: first, personal and interpersonal students’ fear in speaking English cause low self-confidence. Second, the students’ perceptions, they fell apprehensive about speaking in front of the class. Third, lecturer-students interaction, the students sensed anxiety when they don't understand what the lecturer is correcting. The last is the lack of preparation, according to the students; they are concerned about their lack of preparation for tests or speaking in front of the class. The solution to reduce anxiety; the students said trying to be confident, preparing material, and they don't be scared to make mistakes when speaking because correcting the errors will help them speak more confident.
The formation of morals is very important for every human being, starting from the age of the child, because it is the root in fortifying children when dealing with the environment. The formation of this character in students can be done one of them through learning, because in addition to making students master competence, it is also packaged to instill good values, and make it a good behavior. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive analytical methods in the form of observations, interviews and documentation. The collected data were then analyzed using descriptive and inductive methods. Descriptive method is a discussion method that seeks to describe a symptom, event, and event that occurred during the study. The results of this study are that the scientific approach and PAKEM are very appropriate to be implemented in PAI learning, especially to make it easier for students to understand material that is abstract in nature. This thesis concludes that there are three benefits of implementing a scientific approach and PAKEM, namely: 1) to become an interesting and concrete learning model, 2) to familiarize students with good attitudes and behavior, and 3) to involve students actively. This conclusion supports the theory of the scientific approach and PAKEM which aims not only to increase intellectual reasoning and the ability to solve problems independently, but also to form commendable morals as a result of developing spiritual and social attitudes
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