In order to reveal the pollution characteristics and risk level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposed to air from open burning in China, PM2.5 samples were collected from the open burning of different types of municipal solid waste (MSW). The component of MSW differed from plastics, paper, wood and bamboo, and mixed garbage. A flue gas dilution sampling system was employed to simulate open burning testing on MSW samples from different functional urban areas. Emission characteristics and health risk assessments of PAHs in PM2.5 were analyzed. The results showed that the 16 PAHs were detected ranged from 16.0 to 10,386.9 ngm−3. The total PAH concentration of wood and bamboo wastes was the highest (24,512.1 ngm−3), while that in plastics was the lowest (4,084.7 ngm−3). Speciation composition of PAHs in PM2.5 with high-molecular-weight PAHs was dominant compared to low-molecular-weight PAHs. Health risk assessment showed that the proportion of samples with the lifelong lung carcinogenic risk value greater than 10–6 was 68.7% of the totals, most of the PAHs in PM2.5 had a certain risk of cancer. The speciation of Bap posed the greatest health risks to adults and children. The carcinogenic sequence of four components of wastes was as follows: wood and bamboo > mixed garbage > paper > plastics and the risk for adults was about 2.26 times higher than for children. Totally, the PAHs speciation of BaP, DBahA, BbF, IcdP, BaA, BkF, and Chr in PM2.5 from the open burning of MSW can bring high carcinogenic risk to human health by respiratory exposure, and the risk value of adults is higher than that of children. The findings show the different conclusion with the results of related researches on the environmental effect of waste incineration power plants or incinerators. Therein, it can provide supplementary data to evaluate the impact of open burning of MSW on ambient air quality.
Various measures
for reducing air pollution have been promulgated
since 2013 in China. To investigate the synergistic results of emission
control and meteorological environment, PM2.5 samples collected
from October 2013 to July 2016 and November 2018 to October 2019 in
Jiaozuo city were analyzed for their compositions, secondary species
(Ss) variations, and factors changing for Ss formation. The results
showed that the concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and
secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) generally decreased over the same
seasonal period during these years. In addition, the concentrations
and proportions of each Ss increased with the increase in the PM2.5 level in these years, implying that although PM2.5 levels have been reduced by various control policies, Ss formation
would remain the major contributor to PM elevations. The enhanced
effects of gas-phase reactions on intensification of sulfate, SOA,
and PM were observed in 2018–2019, which was consistent with
the elevation of nitrate and SOA at PM levels of >150 μg/m3. Only sulfate in all PM levels sharply decreased after 2015,
showing the fine effect of coal-related pollution control and the
importance of collaborative control of NO
x
, volatile organic compounds, and organic aerosol emissions with
SO2 emissions in the future.
An emission inventory of 9 air pollutants from Chinese aluminum industry was established. The emission reduction potential was demonstrated by three projection scenarios. Differentiated emergency response control mode would be more effective control policy of emissions reduction.
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