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This paper reviews the state of the art channel coding techniques for ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC). The stringent requirements of URLLC services, such as ultra-high reliability and low latency, have made it the most challenging feature of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks. The problem is even more challenging for the services beyond the 5G promise, such as tele-surgery and factory automation, which require latencies less than 1ms and packet error rates as low as 10 −9 . This paper provides an overview on channel coding techniques for URLLC and compares them in terms of performance and complexity. Several important research directions are identified and discussed in more detail.

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SummaryBackground and objectives Increased arterial stiffness was reported to be associated with decreased estimated GFR (eGFR). Previous studies suggested that arterial stiffness might play a role in renal function progression in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was an independent association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), a marker of arterial stiffness, and renal function progression in CKD patients.Design, setting, participants, & measurements This longitudinal study enrolled 145 patients with CKD stages 3 to 5. The baPWV was measured by using an ABI-form device. The change in renal function was estimated by eGFR slope. The study endpoints were defined as commencement of dialysis or death.Results After a stepwise multivariate analysis, the eGFR slope was positively associated with baseline eGFR and negatively associated with hypertension and baPWV (␤ ϭ Ϫ0.165, P ϭ 0.033). Seventeen patients entering dialysis, and eight deaths were recorded. Multivariate forward Cox regression analysis identified that higher baPWV (hazard ratio, 1.001; P ϭ 0.001), lower baseline eGFR, and higher serum phosphate level were independently associated with progression to commencement of dialysis or death. ConclusionsOur results show an independent association between baPWV and renal function decline and progression to commencement of dialysis or death in patients with CKD. Screening CKD patients by means of baPWV may help identify a high-risk group of rapid renal function decline and progression to commencing dialysis or death.

SummaryBackground and objectives Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and renal disease in general population. However, the relationship between hyperuricemia with clinical outcomes in CKD remains controversial.Design, setting, participants, & measurements The study investigated the association between uric acid with allcause mortality, cardiovascular events, renal replacement therapy, and rapid renal progression (the slope of estimated GFR was less than 26 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 /y) in 3303 stages 3-5 CKD patients that were in the integrated CKD care system in one medical center and one regional hospital in southern Taiwan.Results In all subjects, the mean uric acid level was 7.962.0 mg/dl. During a median 2.8-year follow-up, there were 471 (14.3%) deaths, 545 (16.5%) cardiovascular events, 1080 (32.3%) participants commencing renal replacement therapy, and 841 (25.5%) participants with rapid renal progression. Hyperuricemia increased risks for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events (the adjusted hazard ratios for quartile four versus quartile one of uric acid Conclusions In stages 3-5 CKD, hyperuricemia is a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events but not renal replacement therapy and rapid renal progression.