Kaedah A is a fend off technique engaged in Seni Silat Cekak Malaysia, upon confronting a punch force exerted within the vicinity of the thorax area. Hitherto, there is still lack of biomechanical analysis on the execution of Kaedah A. Therefore, this study aims at analysing the effectiveness of Kaedah A based on the total execution time as well as to describe the kinematic characteristics of the hand movement upon its execution. The experiment was carried out by means of motion capture. Microsoft Kinect was utilised to detect the hand movement whilst the post processing of the captured motion was performed via Virtual Sensei Lite. Kaedah A was executed five times by an experienced Seni Silat Cekak Malaysia practitioner to investigate the accuracy and repeatability of the system. The data obtained serves as an input for the trajectory mapping for both initial and end point identification. The time difference, Δt between the points demonstrates that the total time execution for Kaedah A is less than 0.1 s. Further analysis involves filtering the coordinate data obtained in order to generate the polynomial function of the hand movement during the execution of Kaedah A. It could be concluded that the Kaedah A execution has the features of a ballistic movement. The findings provides useful data for reliability prediction as well as further enhancement of the Kaedah A itself.
There are many challenges in designing and fabrication of synthetic tissue scaffold for osteochondral tissue engineering. A promising scaffolding material such as 45S5 Bioglass® has been extensively considered to construct scaffolds for this purpose. The 45S5 Bioglass® scaffold was fabricated using foam replication technique. The polyurethane foam was immersed in slurry of 45S5 Bioglass® and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA). The obtained green body was exposed for 1 hour at room temperature before oven dried at 60°C for 24 hours. The 45S5 Bioglass® composite scaffold was prepared by sintering the green body at 1050 °C for 2 hours, followed by dipping in PDLLA solution and dried at room temperature for 12 hours. Characterisations of the above scaffold were carried out using Extended Pressure Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Universal Tensile Machine (UTM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM micrographs revealed the porous structure of the scaffold. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum showed the presence of Na2Ca2Si3O9 and (Na2Ca4(PO4)2SiO4 phases in the sintered scaffold. The result showed that the 45S5® Bioglass scaffold has compressive strength of 0.40 MPa with porosity of 88%. Bioactivity assessment in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) for 7, 14 and 28 hours gave the formation of apatite layer on the scaffold.
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