Biogenic synthesis of ZnO-NPs using P. somniferum.

Biomedical polymers have been extensively developed for promising applications in a lot of biomedical fields, such as therapeutic medicine delivery, disease detection and diagnosis, biosensing, regenerative medicine, and disease treatment. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the synthesis and application of biomedical polymers, and discuss the comprehensive understanding of their property-function relationship for corresponding biomedical applications. In particular, a few burgeoning bioactive polymers, such as peptide/biomembrane/microorganism/cell-based biomedical polymers, are also introduced and highlighted as the emerging biomaterials for cancer precision therapy. Furthermore, the foreseeable challenges and outlook of the development of more efficient, healthier and safer biomedical polymers are discussed. We wish this systemic and comprehensive review on highlighting frontier progress of biomedical polymers could inspire and promote new breakthrough in fundamental research and clinical translation.

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NPs may target a desired part of the body, whereas conventional drug formulations typically distribute throughout the entire body. In the case of nanovaccines, they can be designed to better target lymphatic organs and immune cells to promote better immune responses than the conventional vaccines. Sometimes the localized infection is difficult to be reached by the conventional vaccines, but can be cured by the nanovaccines with specific cells or organs-targeting molecules. In some situations, the nano-based systems are used to enhance the solubility of hydrophobic compounds. These systems not only preserve the reliability of antigens toward degradation but also stabilize a large number of therapeutic agents such as peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. [9] Viral infections can pose challenges for global public health because of their problematic widespreading distribution and their potential to develop through genetic mutation. [10] Viral infections cause a high number of deaths and a disturbing health care system in a few decades. [10] Recently, a new strain of coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2) has led to a pandemic situation that killed 597 583 (WHO, July 19, 2020) with millions of cases all over the world. The CoV belongs to the Coronaviridae family of Nidovirales order, [11-13] whose genomes usually range from 26 to 32 kb. [14] These viruses are called Coronaviruses (CoVes) because of the protruding spike proteins on their envelope that give the virions of crown-shaped. [15,16] Six CoVes species are responsible for the infection of humans, in which four of them (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1) are predominant and cause symptoms of a common cold in immunocompetent individuals. [17] While the other two strains are known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which cause fatal diseases. [18,19] The acute respiratory cases appeared in early 2003 in China were caused by SARS-CoV, [20,21] while the MERS-CoV was the responsible pathogen for the Middle East outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in 2012. [22,23] The novel strain (SARS-CoV-2) caused pneumonia that seriously contributed to lung injuries. Identified scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of SARS-CoV-2 is shown in Figure 1. The disease caused by this serious strain is termed as coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19). To reduce infectious disease transmission, suitable methods are required based on the nature of the disease and mode of transmission. [24] For instance, vaccination is required for some One of the challenges facing by world nowadays is the generation of new pathogens that cause public health issues. Coronavirus (CoV) is one of the severe pathogens that possess the RNA (ribonucleic acid) envelop, and extensively infect humans, birds, and other mammals. The novel strain "SARS-CoV-2" (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) causes deadly infection all over the world and presents a pandemic situation nowadays. The SARS...