Agro-biogenic stabilization of expansive subgrade soils is trending to achieve cost-effective and sustainable geotechnical design to resist distress and settlement during the application of heavy traffic loads. This research presents optimized remediation of expansive clay by addition of proportionate quantities of waste renewable wool-banana (WB) fiber composites for the enhancement of elastoplastic strain (ԐEP), peak strength (Sp), resilient modulus (MR) and California bearing ratio (CBR) of expansive clays. Remolded samples of stabilized and nontreated clay prepared at maximum dry density (γdmax) and optimum moisture content (OMC) were subjected to a series of swell potential, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), resilient modulus (MR) and CBR tests to evaluate swell potential, ԐEP, MR, and CBR parameters. The outcome of this study clearly demonstrates that the optimal WB fiber dosage (i.e., 0.6% wool and 1.2% banana fibers of dry weight of clay) lowers the free swell up to 58% and presents an enhancement of 3.5, 2.7, 3.0 and 4.5-times of ԐEPT, Sp, MR and CBR, respectively. Enhancement in ԐEP is vital for the mitigation of excessive cracking in expansive clays for sustainable subgrades. The ratio of strain relating to the peak strength (ԐPS) to the strain relating to the residual strength (ԐRS), i.e., ԐPS/ԐRS = 2.99 which is highest among all fiber-clay blend depicting the highly ductile clay-fiber mixture. Cost-strength analysis reveals the optimized enhancement of ԐEPT, Sp, MR and CBR in comparison with cost using clay plus 0.6% wool plus 1.2% banana fibers blend which depicts the potential application of this research to economize the stabilization of subgrade clay to achieve green and biogeotechnical engineering goals.
The term deindustrialisation refers to the process of socio-economic changes taking place due to reduction in the industrial capacity and/or the loss of industrial potential of an economy. This also connotes the secular decline in the share of industrial sector employment as observed in developed countries since 1970s. The secular shift from manufacturing to services sector reflects the impact of discrepancy in productivity growth between the said sectors. A faster rise in productivity in manufacturing sector than in services switches the employment from manufacturing to the services sector, as suggested by Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1997). Generally, deindustrialisation is considered as the natural outcome of economic development because it involves the transformation from primitive agriculture-based economy to the modern industrial-based. After the establishment of manufacturing sector, the long-run economic growth stimulates an innovation-based economy implying the services sector’s growth [Galor (2005)]. However, the process requires a gradual shift accompanied by allied institutional and infrastructural reforms and the process of deindustrialisation occurs at the later stage of development.
Abstract:This study endeavors to identify the dynamic link among growth, inequality and poverty, instigated from deindustrialization, in Pakistan over the time period 1970-2013. The Reduced-form Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) is applied to estimate the empirical model. According to the results, trade openness has declining (mounting) impact on poverty (income inequality) over the specifi ed time period. Moreover, the industrial sector share in GDP has appeared as a major contributing factor in tackling income inequality and poverty. This implies that the deindustrialization, as an emergent of trade liberalization, neutralizes the policy effect for income distribution and poverty in Pakistan. Besides, the Kuznet's hypothesis has been proved to be true in case of Pakistan where GDP growth has led to increase in the income inequality. The role of industrial sector growth in tackling poverty and income inequality has emerged as vital but the move towards rapid trade liberalization has placed this sector in more competitive position and the persistent nature of income inequality has subdued the growth effects on poverty. The results underlie very pertinent policy to focus on the sector-specifi c growth in order to tackle the welfare issues. And a cautious move towards trade liberalization is also suggested.
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