To promote drug delivery to exact sites and cell types, the surface of nanocarriers is functionalized with targeting antibodies or ligands, typically coupled by covalent chemistry. Once the nanocarrier is exposed to biological fluid such as plasma, however, its surface is inevitably covered with various biomolecules forming the protein corona, which masks the targeting ability of the nanoparticle. Here, we show that we can use a pre-adsorption process to attach targeting antibodies to the surface of the nanocarrier. Pre-adsorbed antibodies remain functional and are not completely exchanged or covered by the biomolecular corona, whereas coupled antibodies are more affected by this shielding. We conclude that pre-adsorption is potentially a versatile, efficient and rapid method of attaching targeting moieties to the surface of nanocarriers.
The nature of the
protein corona forming on biomaterial surfaces
can affect the performance of implanted devices. This study investigated
the role of surface chemistry and wettability on human serum-derived
protein corona formation on biomaterial surfaces and the subsequent
effects on the cellular innate immune response. Plasma polymerization,
a substrate-independent technique, was employed to create nanothin
coatings with four specific chemical functionalities and a spectrum
of surface charges and wettability. The amount and type of protein
adsorbed was strongly influenced by surface chemistry and wettability
but did not show any dependence on surface charge. An enhanced adsorption
of the dysopsonin albumin was observed on hydrophilic carboxyl surfaces
while high opsonin IgG2 adsorption was seen on hydrophobic hydrocarbon
surfaces. This in turn led to a distinct immune response from macrophages;
hydrophilic surfaces drove greater expression of anti-inflammatory
cytokines by macrophages, whilst surface hydrophobicity caused increased
production of proinflammatory signaling molecules. These findings
map out a unique relationship between surface chemistry, hydrophobicity,
protein corona formation, and subsequent cellular innate immune responses;
the potential outcomes of these studies may be employed to tailor
biomaterial surface modifications, to modulate serum protein adsorption
and to achieve the desirable innate immune response to implanted biomaterials
and devices.
For nanocarriers
with low protein affinity, we show that the interaction
of nanocarriers with cells is mainly affected by the density, the
molecular weight, and the conformation of polyethylene glycol (PEG)
chains bound to the nanocarrier surface. We achieve a reduction of
nonspecific uptake of ovalbumin nanocarriers by dendritic cells using
densely packed PEG chains with a “brush” conformation
instead of the collapsed “mushroom” conformation. We
also control to a minor extent the dysopsonin adsorption by tailoring
the conformation of attached PEG on the nanocarriers. The brush conformation
of PEG leads to a stealth behavior of the nanocarriers with inhibited
uptake by phagocytic cells, which is a prerequisite for successful
in vivo translation of nanomedicine to achieve long blood circulation
and targeted delivery. We can clearly correlate the brush conformation
of PEG with inhibited phagocytic uptake of the nanocarriers. This
study shows that, in addition to the surface’s chemistry, the
conformation of polymers controls cellular interactions of the nanocarriers.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.