Purpose:
Amblyopia is a significant public health problem. Photoscreeners have been shown to have significant potential for screening; however, most are limited by cost and display low accuracy. The purpose of this study was validate a novel artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning–based facial photoscreener “Kanna,” and to determine its effectiveness in detecting amblyopia risk factors.
Methods:
A prospective study that included 654 patients aged below 18 years was conducted in our outpatient clinic. Using an android smartphone, three images of each the participants’ face were captured by trained optometrists in dark and ambient light conditions and uploaded onto Kanna. Deep learning was used to create an amblyopia risk score based on our previous study. The algorithm generates a risk dashboard consisting of six values: five normalized risk scores for ptosis, strabismus, hyperopia, myopia and media opacities; and one binary value denoting if a child is “at-risk” or “not at-risk.” The presence of amblyopia risk factors (ARF) as determined on the ophthalmic examination was compared with the Kanna photoscreener.
Results:
Correlated patient data for 654 participants were analyzed. The mean age of the study population was 7.87 years. The algorithm had an F-score, 85.9%; accuracy, 90.8%; sensitivity, 83.6%; specificity, 94.5%; positive predictive value, 88.4%; and negative predictive value, 91.9% in identifying amblyopia risk factors. The
P
value for the amblyopia risk calculation was 8.5 × 10
−142
implying strong statistical significance.
Conclusion:
The Kanna photo-based screener that uses deep learning to analyze photographs is an effective alternative for screening children for amblyopia risk factors.
benign histologies. Twenty-five MDMs representing each organ site were selected as previously reported; DNA extracted from independent primary tissues was assayed by quantitative methylation specific PCR. MDMs were normalized to b-actin. MDM distributions were displayed using boxplots and intensity maps. Results 82 EC (16 serous, 18 carcinosarcoma, 7 clear cell, 17 endometrioid grade 1/2, 24 endometrioid grade 3), 82 OC (36 serous, 21 clear cell, 4 mucinous, 21 endometrioid), and 64 CC (36 squamous cell, 28 adenocarcinoma) were compared to controls of benign epithelium (29 cervicovaginal, 29 fallopian tube, 14 benign endometrial tissues). While CDO1 discriminated any cancer type from benign control tissue, cancer specificity was evident for most MDMs (figure 1). Overlap of MDMs, such as c18orf18 among EC and OC clear cell and endometrioid histologies, is compatible with the origin of these OCs from endometriosis (figure 2).Conclusions MDMs discovered and independently validated in EC, OC, and CC tissues discriminate among GC site origin. MDM testing in vaginal fluid and/or blood is warranted to assess GC detection and site-specificity via non-invasive liquid biopsy.
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