The pathologic process in traumatic brain injury marked by delayed axonal loss, known as diffuse axonal injury (DAI), leads to partial deafferentation of neurons downstream of injured axons. This process is linked to persistent visual dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), however, examination of deafferentation in humans is impossible with current technology. To investigate potential reorganization in the visual system following mTBI, we utilized the central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) mouse model of mTBI. We report that in the optic nerve of adult male C57BL/6J mice, axonal projections of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) to their downstream thalamic target, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), undergo DAI followed by scattered, widespread axon terminals loss within the dLGN at 4 days post-injury. However, at 10 days post-injury, significant reorganization of RGC axon terminals was found, suggestive of an adaptive neuroplastic response. While these changes persisted at 20 days post-injury, the RGC axon terminal distribution did not recovery fully to sham-injury levels. Our studies also revealed that following DAI, the segregation of axon terminals from ipsilateral and contralateral eye projections remained consistent with normal adult mouse distribution. Lastly, our examination of the shell and core of dLGN suggested that different RGC subpopulations may vary in their susceptibility to injury or in their contribution to reorganization following injury. Collectively, these findings support the premise that subcortical axon terminal reorganization may contribute to recovery following mTBI, and that different neural phenotypes may vary in their contribution to this reorganization despite exposure to the same injury.
Aims and objectives:The study was undertaken to estimate the availability of literature on PubMed-Medline by Indian orthodontists from 1990 to 2011 by using bibliometric analysis.
Materials and methods:Articles available on PubMed-Medline database in time span of 1st January 1990 to 31st December 2011, where authors' affiliation had the words 'Dental' and 'India' were selected. The information collected were: Name of the journal, year of publication, specialty of first author, number of authors, reach of the journal, status of the journal, , state of origin, and type of article. From this data, the performance of specialty of orthodontic was analyzed.Results: Out of total of 242 articles, 189 got published in international journals and 53 in Indian journals. 50 (20.6%) were published in Journal of Clinical Orthodontics followed by 37(15.2%) in American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 102 (42.1%) were original research done by authors. 91(37.6%) articles were from institutes in Karnataka, followed by Tamil Nadu (12.8%), Delhi (11.1%) and Maharashtra(9.5%). There seems to be boom in the publication trend since 2006.
Conclusion:The results of this study could be used by various professional societies, individual scientists, scholarly institutions and funding organizations to frame essential policies regarding the improvement of the science of orthodontists and to the benefit of common Indians.
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