This prospective long-term cohort study investigated the incidence of malignancies in severe psoriasis patients treated with cyclosporine. A total of 1252 patients were followed prospectively for up to 5 y. Malignancies were recorded prospectively. Incidence rates for malignancies were compared with the general population using standardized incidence ratios. The effect of duration of exposure to cyclosporine and to previously administered anti-psoriatic treatments on the incidence of malignancies was investigated using Poisson regression models. The mean age of patients was 43 y and on average, patients received cyclosporine for 1.9 y. Malignancies were diagnosed in 47 patients (3.8%), 49% of them had skin malignancies. The standardized incidence ratio in the study cohort was 2.1 as compared with the general population. The higher incidence of malignancies was attributed to a 6-fold higher incidence of skin malignancies, most of which were squamous cell carcinoma. The incidence of nonskin malignancy overall was not significantly higher in this study than in the general population. Duration of exposure to cyclosporine, exposure to psoralen and ultraviolet A, exposure to methotrexate, and exposure to immunosuppressants showed a significant effect on the incidence of nonmelanoma skin malignancies. In conclusion, treatment of psoriasis with cyclosporine is associated with an increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Patients treated for more than 2 y with cyclosporine were shown to have a higher risk. In addition, exposure to psoralen and ultraviolet A and to other immunosuppressants was shown to contribute to the overall risk.

The main recommendations for the use of ciclosporin in the management of psoriasis are: (i) intermittent short courses (average of 12 weeks duration) of ciclosporin are preferable; (ii) ciclosporin should be given in the dose range 2.5-5.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) (doses greater than 5.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) should only be given in exceptional circumstances); (iii) treatment regimens should be tailored to the needs of each patient; (iv) selection of patients should take into account psychosocial disability, as well as clinical extent of disease and failure of previous treatment; (v) each patient's renal function (as measured by serum creatinine) should be thoroughly assessed before and during treatment; (vi) each patient's blood pressure should be carefully monitored before and during treatment; (vii) adherence to treatment guidelines substantially reduces the risk of adverse events; (viii) long-term continuous ciclosporin therapy may be appropriate in a subgroup of patients; however, duration of treatment should be kept below 2 years whenever possible; and (ix) when long-term continuous ciclosporin therapy is necessary, annual evaluation of glomerular filtration rate may be useful to accurately monitor renal function.

Background:Patients with immune-mediated diseases on immunosuppressive therapies have more infectious episodes than healthy individuals, yet vaccination practices by physicians for this patient population remain suboptimal.Objectives:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaccines in individuals exposed to immunosuppressive therapies and provide evidence-based clinical practice recommendations.Methods:A literature search for vaccination safety and efficacy in patients on immunosuppressive therapies (2009-2017) was conducted. Results were assessed using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system.Results:Several immunosuppressive therapies attenuate vaccine response. Thus, vaccines should be administered before treatment whenever feasible. Inactivated vaccines can be administered without treatment discontinuation. Similarly, evidence suggests that the live zoster vaccine is safe and effective while on select immunosuppressive therapy, although use of the subunit vaccine is preferred. Caution regarding other live vaccines is warranted. Drug pharmacokinetics, duration of vaccine-induced viremia, and immune response kinetics should be considered to determine appropriate timing of vaccination and treatment (re)initiation. Infants exposed to immunosuppressive therapies through breastmilk can usually be immunized according to local guidelines. Intrauterine exposure to immunosuppressive agents is not a contraindication for inactivated vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines scheduled for infants and children ⩾12 months of age, including measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella, can be safely administered as sufficient time has elapsed for drug clearance.Conclusions:Immunosuppressive agents may attenuate vaccine responses, but protective benefit is generally maintained. While these recommendations are evidence based, they do not replace clinical judgment, and decisions regarding vaccination must carefully assess the risks, benefits, and circumstances of individual patients.

A biosimilar is intended to be highly similar to a reference biologic such that any differences in quality attributes (i.e., molecular characteristics) do not affect safety or efficacy. Achieving this benchmark for biologics, especially large glycoproteins such as monoclonal antibodies, is challenging given their complex structure and manufacturing. Regulatory guidance on biosimilars issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Health Canada and European Medicines Agency indicates that, in addition to a demonstration of a high degree of similarity in quality attributes, a reduced number of nonclinical and clinical comparative studies can be sufficient for approval. Following a tiered approach, clinical studies are required to address concerns about possible clinically significant differences that remain after laboratory and nonclinical evaluations. Consequently, a critical question arises: can clinical studies that satisfy concerns regarding safety and efficacy in one condition support "indication extrapolation" to other conditions? This question will be addressed by reviewing the case of a biosimilar to infliximab that was approved recently in South Korea, Europe, and Canada for multiple indications through extrapolation. The principles discussed should also apply to biosimilars of other monoclonal antibodies that are approved to treat multiple distinct conditions.

Long-term (≥12 months) treatment with a TNF-α inhibitor, but not methotrexate and ustekinumab, may increase risk for malignancy in patients with psoriasis.

No abstract

In this work, we evaluated the potential of the natural killer (NK) cell line NK-92 and its IL-2-independent variants NK-92MI and CI, as immunotherapy for melanoma. In vitro, we found that NK-92 was much more cytotoxic to a number of human melanoma cell lines than lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, particularly at low effector/target (E:T) ratios. In vivo treatment of mice challenged with MEWO melanoma cells with i.v. administered NK-92 and NK-92-MI resulted in a 1.5-2.5-fold increase in average length of survival. NK-92, MI, and CI were also effective against the WM1341 cell line, causing a 2-5-fold increase in survival when administered before the malignant cells. With s.c. injection, MEWO and WM1341 caused a primary tumor mass, secondary tumors, and metastatic cells. NK-92 cells reduced WM1341 primary tumor size by 40-90% and MEWO tumors by 30-75%. Similar results were seen with NK-92MI and CI. These data show that NK-92 cells are highly cytotoxic to human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo and suggest that treatment with NK-92 cells may be a potentially effective immunotherapeutic modality in melanoma.

No abstract