Background:Knowledge of the wide spectrum of the oral markers of diabetes is imperative as one frequently encounters individuals with undetected, untreated or poorly controlled diabetes.Objectives:The objective was to study the oral manifestations in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and to establish an association between oral manifestations and associated microvascular and macrovascular complications.Materials and Methods:50 cases of DM were selected who had oral complications. The control group comprised 50 age- and sex-matched diabetic patients without any oral complications.Results:Oral manifestations in DM included periodontal disease in 34%, oral candidiasis in 24%, tooth loss in 24%, oral mucosal ulcers in 22%, taste impairment in 20%, xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction in 14%, dental caries in 24%, and burning mouth sensation in 10% cases. Fasting [(FBG) (P = 0.003)] and postprandial blood glucose [(PPBG) (P = 0.0003)] levels were significantly higher among cases. The P values for neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and sepsis were 0.0156, 0.0241, 0.68, 0.4047, 0.0278, and 0.3149, respectively, which were significant for neuropathy, retinopathy, and dyslipidemia.Conclusions:Several oral complications are seen among diabetics. Association of oral markers in DM and microvascular complications suggests that there is a significant association between the two.
Deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) have a pivotal role in logistic supply chain management and smart manufacturing with proven records. The ability to handle large complex data with minimal human intervention made DL and ML a success in the healthcare systems. In the present healthcare system, the implementation of ML and DL is extensive to achieve a higher quality of service and quality of health to patients, doctors, and healthcare professionals. ML and DL were found to be effective in disease diagnosis, acute disease detection, image analysis, drug discovery, drug delivery, and smart health monitoring. This work presents a state-of-the-art review on the recent advancements in ML and DL and their implementation in the healthcare systems for achieving multi-objective goals. A total of 10 papers have been thoroughly reviewed that presented novel works of ML and DL integration in the healthcare system for achieving various targets. This will help to create reference data that can be useful for future implementation of ML and DL in other sectors of healthcare system.
Introduction: Drug utilization evaluation of anticoagulant drugs is essential considering the spectrum of use and associated risks with their therapy. Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the drug utilization pattern of anticoagulants, identify and assess drug interactions and ADRs with the use of anticoagulants. Method: 84 patients from the medicine department were included in this prospective, cross sectional study conducted for one year. Results: Heparin was mainly used for prophylaxis. Enoxaparin and acenocoumarol were other commonly used drugs. The diagnosis varied from Ischemic heart disease (IHD), deepvein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), cardiovascular accident and others. Laboratory tests like prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), in few cases radiological tests were performed to monitor the therapy. Use of mono therapy and combination therapy aswell as topical use of heparingel was observed. Acenocoumarol and warfarin were the drugs prescribed at discharge. 35 drug interactions were identified, twelve pharmacokinetic and twenty three pharmaco dynamic in nature. Acenocoumarol was the most commonly identified drug with drug interactions. Pharmacokinetic mechanism commonly found was inhibition of vitamin Kactivity; synergistic effect was the mechanism of pharmaco dynamic interaction. Sixteen interactions were severe in intensity.6 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were observed during the study. Conclusion:The pharmacotherapy with anticoagulant drugs should be cost effective and with minimum risks involved. The study highlights the importance of following the guidelines for appropriate use of anticoagulants.
Chronic stress is the leading cause of memory impairment today. Various stress-based models are being developed for studying cognitive impairment. Repurposing of existing drugs in a new pharmacology class is the safest and cheapest option for treatment instead of new drug discovery. Vorinostat (VOR) is the first histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by the U.S. FDA. VOR follows the rule of five and is reported to cross the blood−brain barrier. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the procognitive potential of VOR (25 mg/kg) administered by intraperitoneal (ip) route in a stress-based model of chronic corticosterone (CORT) injections (20 mg/kg, subcutaneously (sc)). The study comprised six groups. Normal mice were administered vehicle (VEH) (days 1−21, sc) in the first group, VOR (days 8−21, 25 mg/kg, ip) in the second group, and fluoxetine (FLX) (days 8−21, 15 mg/kg, oral) in the third group. Mice in the remaining three groups were given 20 mg/kg (sc) CORT for 21 days, and VOR (days 8−21, 25 mg/kg, ip) or FLX (days 8−21, 15 mg/kg, oral) was additionally administered to the treatment groups. Behavioral tests such as Morris water maze test, novel object recognition test, and object in place test were performed at the end of the dosing schedule to assess cognition. After behavior tests, mice were sacrificed, and hippocampus was separated from brain tissue for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry studies. VOR treatment attenuated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in CORT mice as evident from the reduction in DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (Ddit3) (gene encoding CHOP), caspase 12 (Casp12), and calpain-2 (Capn2) mRNA levels, and cleaved caspase 3 (CASP3) protein expression. Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) was significantly increased in VOR-treated CORT mice. VOR also reversed CORT induced increase in HDAC2 level in the CA3 region. The protective effects of VOR were comparable to that of FLX in CORT mice. Thus, VOR has the potential to reverse cognitive dysfunction via modulation of ER stress markers and HDAC2.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.