Our studies concern the effects of different parameters on dyeing process of knitting materials with reactive vinyl sulphonic dyes. Based on the corresponding parameters correlations, an estimation of ultrasound application validity in dyeing processes of cotton - type textile substrates has been established. Desired color hue may be attained with application of ultrasound reducing dye concentration or shortening dyeing time for 20 min with reduction of salt concentration even to 20 g/dm3
Research has shown that ultrasound traveling in the form of waves through liquids causes the effect of cavitation. Cavitation is manifested in a continuous creation and disappearance of vacuums within the liquid. Therefore, interruptions are created in the liquid, that is, strong forcing waves are made. The cavitation strikes are used in solid matter destruction, emulsion creation, greasy surface cleansing, and the like. The ultrasonic energy has been applied in textile industry, for the most part in soaking processes, and textile washing and cleaning. There is research indicating that ultrasonic energy can be used in dyeing of cotton with direct and reactive dyes, of polyamid and wool with acid dyes, and of polyester and acetate fibers with disperse dyes. Based on previous research, this paper is an account of an experiment whose aim was to implement the latest achievements in vibration and ultrasonic theory in textile dyeing technologies. Thus cotton knitwear has been dyed with vinylsulphonic reactive dye, with and without the use of ultrasonic energy, and with the introduction of an air bubble in the dye tub with the application of ultrasonic energy. Previous experiments have shown that ultrasound contributes to greater dye absorption from the tub, so that equal distribution dyeing with the use of ultrasound requires less dye, shorter period of dyeing, less power consumption, and at the same time the pollution of waste waters is reduced. All these characteristics make this procedure economically and ecologically affordable. So as to intensify the process, this research has been directed towards the introduction of an air bubble in the dyeing tub which is under the effect of ultrasound. Dye absorption from the tub and dye penetration in the fabric have been monitored by means of spectrophotometry (absorption and reflection spectrophotometry). Previous research projects have not been able to explain completely the fundamental interaction of ultrasound and fibers, that is, reactive dyes in water, and with that, in the process of dyeing itself. Therefore, future work will deal with this problem. [This paper is a part of research done for the requirements of the project titled ‘‘Modern Approaches in New Dyeing Procedure Development for Optimal Pollution of the Environment,’’ and financed by Science and Technology Ministry of Serbia.]
Ultrasonic energy has shown a wide range of application possibilities in many fields of human craftsmanship, and its application in textile industry has been a matter of research for a number of years. For the time being, the best results have been achieved in other research still being done in laboratories. This paper presents a part of the overall research done within the project ‘‘Modern Approaches in New Dyeing Procedure Development for Optimal Pollution of the Environment,’’ financed by Science and Technology Ministry of Serbia. One of the predetermined objectives of the project is to examine the possibility of ultrasonic energy application in technological processes of dyeing cellulose fabrics by vinylsulphonic dyes. Having that in mind, it is necessary to systematically investigate all of the aspects of ultrasonic energy effects on textile substrata, the dye, and the relation of dye solution and fiber. In the experiments, cellulose microfiber knitwear has been dyed with vinylsulphonic dyes according to the on-line procedure, at a stable temperature, with the addition of varying quantities of salt. Concerning the fact that salt has the ability of enhancing dye absorption from the tub, and that ultrasonic energy helps the process of absorption, the quantity of salt required may be reduced, and thus reduce the cost of dyeing and the pollution of waste waters. Dye absorption from the tub has been monitored by means of absorption spectrophotometry. With the method of reflection spectrophotometry, spectral remission curves have been measured, K/S values calculated, and respectively the relative intensity of dyeing on the fabric determined.
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