No abstract

We examine the use of subsidies to R&D in a mixed and a private duopoly market. We show that the socially optimal R&D subsidy is increasing in the degree of spillovers but it is lower in the private duopoly. The optimal R&D subsidy leads to an increase in total R&D and production, however, it does not lead to the equalisation of per …rm output and therefore to an e¢ cient distribution of production costs. We also …nd that privatization of the public …rm reduces R&D activity and welfare in the duopoly market. This result stands even when optimal R&D subsidies are provided.JEL Classi…cation: L31, L32, O38, L13, L50.

No abstract

This study investigates how two sources of individual heterogeneity-personality and gender-impact the well-being effects of retirement. Using data on older men and women from the British Household Panel Survey and its continuation, Understanding Society, we estimate the causal effect of retirement on satisfaction with overall life and domains of life in the presence of personality characteristics. As retirement is often considered to be a choice and thus may be endogenous to individual-level characteristics, we use the eligibility ages for basic state pension in the United Kingdom as instruments for retirement. We find that retirement increases leisure satisfaction of both males and females but not necessarily life satisfaction and income satisfaction. We further show that certain personality characteristics affect the well-being of female retirees. For males, however, personality does not seem to matter in how they cope with retirement. (JEL I31, J26, A12, C23)