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E. (2020). Methodological proposal for the inventory and assessment of geomorphosites: An integrated approach focused on territorial management and geoconservation. Environmental Management.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has created many initiatives to integrate geodiversity and geoheritage into the management of protected areas through a broader concept of nature. Many protected areas, however, do not have an inventory of geoheritage sites. In view of this fact, this study aims to discuss the geoheritage inventory and to analyse, through a case study, how geodiversity is described in an existing management plan, prepared before IUCN included geoheritage in the Manual for the Management of Protected Areas. This study was conducted in the Itatiaia National Park, which has outstanding geological and geomorphological features. To ensure appropriate assessment of geological sites (including geomorphological, hydrological, petrological, sedimentary, structural sites, etc.), we took inventory of geoheritage and then analysed how the management plan addresses geodiversity. The geoheritage inventory includes 17 geosites distributed in six geological frameworks, seven geodiversity sites and three viewpoints. We concluded that although geodiversity is mentioned in the plan, the geoheritage inventory would facilitate and support the exploration of management possibilities that range from protection to education. Therefore, we recommend the inclusion of geoheritage inventory in the management plans of protected areas because it is a valuable tool for the proper conservation and management of geoheritage.

Interest in geoconservation has been growing since the 1990s and, therefore, several actions have been taken to integrate geoheritage in scientific research, public policies and nature conservation. In this context, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has included many initiatives to integrate geodiversity and geoheritage in a broader nature concept in its agenda. In Brazil, the protected areas follow IUCN's guidelines. Thus, this study aimed to map the distribution of geoconservation research in Brazilian National Parks and to discuss the criteria and procedures applied in the inventory of geological sites in the Itatiaia National Park that can be adapted to other Brazilian protected areas. The applied methods were carried out based on the literature review, geoprocessing techniques and application of criteria and parameters to ensure the proper assessment of geological sites. The results show that geoconservation research in national parks has been growing over the years, and the geosites located in them may compound a potential list to be included in the Brazilian geoheritage inventory. Furthermore, the application of pre-established criteria in the selection of geological sites made the qualitative process more transparent, and the identification of additional values showed to be a useful tool to help park managers to integrate geological sites in the management process. Therefore, the criteria and parameters applied in this paper may be replicated in existing Brazilian National Parks and should be considered when assessing potential areas for establishing new protected areas.

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RESUMONo Brasil, as fortificações militares foram construídas em locais estratégicos com a finalidade de defesa do território. Atualmente, muitas delas encontram-se tombadas como representantes do período colonial e são utilizadas com fins turísticos. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as rochas utilizadas nas construções das fortificações militares construídas entre os séculos XVI e XX na Baixada Santista nos municípios de Bertioga, Guarujá e Praia Grande (SP) e inferir sua provável proveniência. A identificação do tipo de material usado nessas construções permite compreender a história, a cultura, a evolução técnica e a geodiversidade da época. Buscou-se ainda apresentar um histórico dessas fortificações e avaliar seu estado de conservação atual, para poder subsidiar as ações de preservação e manutenção do patrimônio cultural pétreo. As fortificações foram edificadas com granitos e gnaisses que afloram na região. Apesar de algumas serem tombadas pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN) e terem uso voltado à visitação turística, parte delas está deteriorada e necessita-se de indispensáveis reparos para que esse patrimônio, representativo de uma época da defesa do território paulista, seja conservado e preservado.Palavras-chave: Fortificações; conservação; monumentos pétreos; patrimônio históri-co; Baixada Santista. ABSTRACT GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS OF THE SANTOS REGION ON THE COAST OF SÃO PAULO STATE. Military fortifications were built at strategic locations inBrazil for the purpose of defending the territory. Currently, many of them are protected by law as representatives of the colonial period and are used for tourist purposes. The aim of this study is to identify the types of stones used in the construction of military fortifications built between sixteenth and twentieth centuries on the coast of São Paulo State within the municipalities of Bertioga, Guarujá and Praia Grande and infer the probable origin of these stones. Identification of the type of material used in these constructions allows a better understanding of the history, culture, technical and geodiversity at the time of their construction. The evaluation of their condition and current use is intended to support actions to which the fortifications may be submitted in order to preserve and maintain the cultural heritage in stone. The fortifications were constructed mainly with granites and gneisses that crop out in the region. Although some of them are listed by the National Institute for Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) and are the focus of tourism, some of them are deteriorated and require repair in order to conserve and preserve these fortifications, which represent a period in the defense of the State of São Paulo.

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ResumoA geodiversidade há tempos sofre as consequências antrópicas da falta de informação acerca da sua importância, sendo colocada em segundo plano nas políticas de conservação da natureza e valorizada apenas pela extração de seus recursos. No início do século XIX, a criação de alguns parques nacionais no mundo, tendo como atração principal a geodiversidade, mostrou que essa situação pode mudar se investirmos no potencial de uso de alguns locais da geodiversidade. Deste modo, surgem os "sítios da geodiversidade", locais que apresentam potencial para uso educativo e turístico com oferta de informação geológica. Este trabalho objetiva apresentar o método utilizado para a seleção dos sítios da geodiversidade do litoral norte do estado de São Paulo e discutir os resultados de sua quantificação para tecer propostas de uso para estes locais. A seleção dos sítios baseou-se em três etapas: i) pré-seleção: pesquisas e levantamentos bibliográficos; ii) seleção parcial: eliminação dos sítios sem potencial educativo ou turístico; e iii) seleção final: com base nos trabalhos de campo. O resultado do inventário abrange a descrição e avaliação quantitativa de 25 sítios da geodiversidade, que foram quantificados por meio da plataforma GEOSSIT do Serviço Geológico do Brasil. Com base nos valores numéricos do uso potencial educativo, turístico e do risco de degradação, foram propostas medidas estruturais e atividades recreativas para estes sítios. Este trabalho permitiu avaliar a potencialidade de uso da geodiversidade como subsídio ao turismo e educação em geociências, para gerar desenvolvimento para as comunidades e um ambiente sustentável como um todo. Palavras-chave: Estratégias de geoconservação; divulgação científica; geodiversidade; quantificação AbstractGeodiversity has for a long time suffered anthopic consequences due to the lack of information about its importance. On several occasions, geodiversity is marginalized in nature conservation policies and its worth is attributed solely to the resources that it can provide. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, some national parks which had geodiversity as their main attraction were created in the world, showing that the scenario can be changed if we invest in the potential use of some geodiversity sites. In this context, geodiversity sites -places where geologic information is provided and where geodiversity shows potential for educational or tourist purposes -emerge. This paper aims to show the method used for selecting geodiversity sites on the north coast of the São Paulo State and to discuss the results of their quantification in order to propose uses for these sites. The selection of the sites followed three steps: i) pre-selection: research and bibliographical review; ii) partial selection: removal of the sites without educational or tourist potentials; and iii) final selection: based on fieldwork. The inventory result includes the description and quantitative assessment of twenty-five geodiversity sites which were quantified through GEOSSIT, a plataform of the...