Objective: The outbreak of COVID-19 has different effects on people's psychological and social aspects. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anxiety, self-compassion, and gender differences with self-care behaviors and fear of COVID-19 in Kermanshah. Method: In the cross-sectional study, 403 people answered online questions on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scale, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and a questionnaire focusing on COVID-19-related behavior. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant relationship between social distance and gender, and people who observed social distancing reported higher levels of fear of COVID-19 (p < 0.001). No significant relationship was found between handwashing behaviour and gender variables, marital status, and education (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference between those who answered yes to self-care behaviours related to washing and those who answered no in terms of variables of fear of COVID-19, the overall score of compassion, and subscales of compassion, including self-kindness and isolation (p < 0.05). In relation to fear of COVID-19, married status, anxiety, and common humanity had a positive relationship with fear of COVID-19. However, self-judgment was negatively related to fear of COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, men and people who are less afraid of COVID-19 are more likely not to observe self-care behaviors. Therefore, providing training about treatment protocols is necessary for these people. To reduce the fear of this disease in people with high levels of fear, psychologists, psychiatrists, and other medical staff can implement protocols to increase compassion.
Objectives: In the context of the epidemic of coronavirus and its psychological effect, it is necessary to develop appropriate tools for measuring the aspects of its psychological pathology. Therefore, this study aims to determine coronavirus anxiety›s psychometric properties using a 5-point Likert scale (Sherman A. Lee) in the Iranian statistical population. Methods: In this study, 399 men and women from the adult population of Kermanshah were studied by the available sampling method. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale(DERS), as well as the second version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) were used for convergent validity and divergent validity, respectively. Internal consistency method using Cronbach’s alpha was used to analyze data, and confirmatory factor analysis using Lisrel-8.8 software was used for construct validity. Results: Cronbach’s alpha was found to be 91.5 for the scales overall score. CAS found a positive and significant correlation between the coronavirus anxiety scale and the sub-components of difficulty in emotion regulation (except for problems engaging in goal-directed behaviors). Still, he also found that there was a negative correlation between acceptance and action. Furthermore, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the single-factor structure is well-suited Conclusion: Covid-19 related anxiety can be disproportionate and unnecessary and cause many psychological problems. The Iranian version of the coronavirus anxiety Scale reflected desirable validity and reliability and could be used as a short and valid screening tool for measuring coronavirus anxiety measurement.
Objective: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Many of these patients suffer from multiple psychological symptoms. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on depression, pain acceptance, and psychological flexibility in married women with breast cancer. Methods: The present study was a pre-and post-test clinical trial with intervention and control groups. The research population consisted of women with breast cancer referred to the Ayatollah Yasrebi and Shahid Beheshti Hospitals in Kashan in 2018. Through a purposive sampling method, 40 women were selected and randomly divided into two groups, namely, intervention (n = 20) and control (n = 20). The applied tools included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire 8 (CPAQ-8), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire -II (AAQ-II). Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The results showed that ACT treatment significantly reduced the mean scores of depression compared to the control group (F = 107.72, p < 0.001). The mean scores of pain acceptance (F = 9.58, p < 0.05) and psychological flexibility (F = 10.61, p < 0 .05) significantly increased in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: ACT can be considered as an effective therapeutic approach to reduce depression and increase pain acceptance and psychological flexibility in women with breast cancer. These changes appear to be due to improved acceptance of thoughts and feelings associated with cancer and increased psychological flexibility, which is the primary goal of ACT treatment. Clinical trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), IRCT20190518043620N1.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people's psychological functioning, including how the cope with anxiety. This study aimed to assess the role of coping styles on the relationship of COVID-19 anxiety and Washing Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (W-OCD) symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 420 people living in Kashan city (Iran) from March to April 2020. Participants were selected by the convenience sampling method due to the difficulties brought about by COVID-19 and completed the contamination subscale of Padua Inventory, Covid-19 anxiety inventory, and coping strategies scale. Data was analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS- 22. Results: The results revealed that emotion focused, somatization and social support coping strategies were significantly associated with W-OCD symptoms. Also, there was a significant correlation between the Covid-19 anxiety with the W-OCD symptoms. SEM result revealed that emotion focused and somatization coping strategies positively mediated the relationship between COVID-19 and W-OCD symptoms. Conclusion: Emotion focused and somatization coping strategies increase W-OCD symptoms following COVID-19 anxiety. Psycho education interventions addressing COVID-19's physical and psychological impacts on health, discriminating the rational and adaptive behavior and obsessive and compulsive behaviors, restricting the information gathering from numerous sources which may lead to increased negative emotions might be helpful.
Introduction: Compassionate love can involve suitable social behaviors such as protection. The compassionate love scale relative to the human has been made to assess this concept. Aim: The current study was performed to determine the psychometric properties of the revised short Persian version of the compassionate love scale relative to humans in Iranian society. Method: The plan of the research is descriptive-correlational. The studied population includes all persons of Kermanshah city above 18-year old in 2021, who participate in this research online. In this study, 510 people were addressed by an available sampling method. The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-revised (CAMS-R) questionnaire of Feldman et al. was utilized for convergent validity and Fear of Compassion to others (Gilbert et al.) for divergent validity. The internal consistency method was used to analyze data using Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for structural validity with the help of SPSS-25 and Lisrel-8.8. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained 8.87 for the total scale. The compassionate love for humanity scale (CLS-H-SF) showed the positive and significant correlation with CAMS-R of 139 and negative one that fear of compassion to others was -126 (P>0.005). Also, the results of CFA showed that the single-factor structure has the suitable fitting in the studied population. Conclusion: Validity of the revised short Persian version of the compassionate love scale relative to humans in Iranian society was confirmed. Researchers and mental health professionals can use this tool as a brief tool to evaluate compassionate love in the research and therapeutic interventions.
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