SummaryBackgroundSurgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world.MethodsThis international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231.FindingsBetween Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p<0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p<0·001).InterpretationCountries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication.FundingDFID-MRC-Wellcome Trust Joint Global Health Trial Development Grant,...

In recent years, thymectomy has become a widespread procedure in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG). Likelihood of remission was highest in preoperative mild disease classification (Osserman classification 1, 2A). In absence of thymoma or hyperplasia, there was no relationship between age and gender in remission with thymectomy. In MG treatment, randomized trials that compare conservative treatment with thymectomy have started, recently. As with non-randomized trials, remission with thymectomy in MG treatment was better than conservative treatment with only medication. There are four major methods for the surgical approach: transcervical, minimally invasive, transsternal, and combined transcervical transsternal thymectomy. Transsternal approach with thymectomy is the accepted standard surgical approach for many years. In recent years, the incidence of thymectomy has been increasing with minimally invasive techniques using thoracoscopic and robotic methods. There are not any randomized, controlled studies which are comparing surgical techniques. However, when comparing non-randomized trials, it is seen that minimally invasive thymectomy approaches give similar results to more aggressive approaches.Keywords: Extended thymectomy, follow-up, myasthenia gravis, thoracoscopic thymectomy ÖZ Miyastenia gravis tedavisinde son yıllarda timektomi giderek yaygınlaşan bir prosedür haline geldi. Preoperatif hafif hastalık sınıflaması (Osserman sınıflaması 1, 2A) olanlarda remisyon ihtimali en yüksek olarak gösterildi. Timoma veya hiperplazi yokluğunda timektomi ile remisyon sağlamada yaş ve cinsiyetin ilişkisi gösterilemedi. Miyastenia gravis tedavisinde timektomi ile konservatif tedaviyi karşılatıran randomize çalışmalar yeni yayınlanmaya başlandı. Nonrandomize çalışmalarda olduğu gibi Miyastenia gravis tedavisinde timektomi ile remisyon, sadece ilaçla konservatif tedaviden daha iyi bulundu. Cerrahi yaklaşım için transservikal, minimal invaziv, transsternal ve kombine transservikal transsternal timektomi olmak üzere dört major yöntem bulunmaktadır. Transsternal yaklaşımla timektomi yıllardır kabul gören standart cerrahi yaklaşımdır. Son yıllarda torakoskopik ve robotik yöntemin kullanıldığı minimal invaziv tekniklerle timektomi sıklığı artmaktadır. Cerrahi teknikleri karşılaştıran randomize, kontrollü çalışmalar bulunmamaktadır. Ancak nonrandimize çalışmalar arasındaki karşılaştırmalara bakıldığında minimal invaziv timektomi yaklaşımlarının daha agresif yaklaşımlara benzer sonuçlar verdiği görülmektedir.

Aim. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa (NS) in experimental bacterial rhinosinusitis. Material and Methods.Bacterial rhinosinusitis was induced with Staphylococcus aureus. Rabbits were divided into control, NS 50, NS 100 and NS 200 mg/kg/d groups. NS was given orally for 7 days. The same volume of normal saline was given as a vehicle to the control group for the same period. At 7 days post-treatment, mucosal samples were excised from the treated and control groups for measurements of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Conclusion. These findings show that administration of NS increased the SOD, GSH-Px activities and decreased the lipid peroxidation and MPO activity in experimental rhinosinusitis in rabbits. NS prevented oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species generated in rhinosinusitis model in rabbits. Results. SOD and GSH-Px activities significantly increased in the NS

Background Ileus is common after elective colorectal surgery, and is associated with increased adverse events and prolonged hospital stay. The aim was to assess the role of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for reducing ileus after surgery. Methods A prospective multicentre cohort study was delivered by an international, student‐ and trainee‐led collaborative group. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The primary outcome was time to gastrointestinal recovery, measured using a composite measure of bowel function and tolerance to oral intake. The impact of NSAIDs was explored using Cox regression analyses, including the results of a centre‐specific survey of compliance to enhanced recovery principles. Secondary safety outcomes included anastomotic leak rate and acute kidney injury. Results A total of 4164 patients were included, with a median age of 68 (i.q.r. 57–75) years (54·9 per cent men). Some 1153 (27·7 per cent) received NSAIDs on postoperative days 1–3, of whom 1061 (92·0 per cent) received non‐selective cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitors. After adjustment for baseline differences, the mean time to gastrointestinal recovery did not differ significantly between patients who received NSAIDs and those who did not (4·6 versus 4·8 days; hazard ratio 1·04, 95 per cent c.i. 0·96 to 1·12; P = 0·360). There were no significant differences in anastomotic leak rate (5·4 versus 4·6 per cent; P = 0·349) or acute kidney injury (14·3 versus 13·8 per cent; P = 0·666) between the groups. Significantly fewer patients receiving NSAIDs required strong opioid analgesia (35·3 versus 56·7 per cent; P < 0·001). Conclusion NSAIDs did not reduce the time for gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery, but they were safe and associated with reduced postoperative opioid requirement.

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