the type species of the cestode genus Arostrilepis Mas-coma et tenora, 1997, Arostrilepis horrida (linstow, 1901), is redescribed on the basis of the syntype material from the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) deposited in the collection of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. Arostrilepis horrida (sensu lato), reported from a wide range of rodents throughout the Holarctic region, is shown to be a species complex. the proposed host range and geographical distribution of A. horrida (sensu stricto) are limited to the data reported in the original description. the previously proposed synonymy of A. horrida is examined and the following species are excluded from the list of its synonyms: Hymenolepis procera Janicki, 1904, H. arvicolina cholodkowsky, 1913, H. sciurina cholodkowsky, 1913 and H. mathevossianae Akhumyan, 1946; these are considered species inquirendae. Specimens previously identified as A. horrida from voles from the Asian part of russia are revised and newly collected materials are worked out. two new species, A. macrocirrosa sp. n. and A. tenuicirrosa sp. n., are described. the main differentiating characters used to distinguish Arostrilepis spp. are the form and size of cirrus and its armature as well as the type of arrangement for the testes. the new species can also be distinguished from one another on the basis of sequences of the its2 rrNA gene. the generic diagnosis of Arostrilepis is emended. Hymenolepis neurotrichi rausch, 1962, which had been placed in Arostrilepis by Mas-coma and tenora (1997), does not correspond to the generic diagnosis and is considered a species incertae sedis.
Neoskrjabinolepis (Neoskrjabinolepidoides) nuda n. sp. is described from the shrews Sorex unguiculatus (type-host), S. gracillimus, S. isodon and S. caecutiens on Sakhalin Island, Russia. The new species is characterised by: rostellar hooks 40-44 microm long and provided with small epiphyseal thickening of the handle; a long (95-100 microm) cirrus consisting of basal region with claw-shaped spines, a parabasal region with thin needle-shaped spines and an unarmed distal region; a cirrus-sac extending well into the median field; and 15-22 eggs per gravid uterus. A review of the species of Neoskrjabinolepis Spasskii, 1947 is presented. Currently, this genus includes nine species and is divided in two subgenera on the basis of strobilar development, which is gradual in the subgenus Neoskrjabinolepis (four species) and serial in the subgenus Neoskrjabinolepidoides Kornienko, Gulyaev & Mel'nikova, 2006 (five species). An amended generic diagnosis and an identification key to Neoskrjabinolepis spp. are presented.
The direction of the morphological transformations in the phylogenesis of Hymenolepididae from shrews depends on the nature of dissemination of hexacanths in the external environment. The organization of strobila and proglottids in Neoskrjabinolepis Spassky, 1948 and Lineolepis Spassky, 1958 which have hexacanths going out into the external environment inside the segment-oophor is determined by the group dissemination of hexacanths. At the group dissemination of hexacanths the probability of infection for intermediate hosts depends on their number in the external environment rather than on the fertility of individual proglottids. The nonselective group elimination of free-living larvaе in the external environment results in a higher rate of strobilation, number of proglottids in the strobila and low fertility of proglottids in Neoskrjabinolepis and Lineolepis. However the polymerous strobila of Neoskrjabinolepis and Lineolepis is formed under the obligate high density of infrapopulations in the intestine of small-sized hosts. In turn the selection for miniaturization of the polymerous strobila predetermines heterochronic reorganizations of these cestodes. The acceleration of morphogenesis of the genitals is the evolutionary mechanism of juvenilization of mature proglottids of Neoskrjabinolepis and Lineolepis which leads to a significant decrease in their size and change in their form. The heterochronic reorganizations in the genitals of the strobila are in turn accompanied by coordinated changes in the form and size of gonads in mature proglottids. A considerable fall in fertility (the number of hexacanths) of proglottids in Neoskrjabinolepis and Lineolepis is caused by these changes too.
A cestode, Neoskrjabinolepis (Neoskrjabinolepidoides) gvosdevi sp. nov., is described from the tundra shrew Sorex tundrensis Merriam, 1900 in Kazakhstan. The new species has ten rostellar hooks, 0.40-0.43 mm long, with claw-liked blade with crooked middle part. It can be distinguished from other species in the subgenus by the cylindrical cirrus short, 0.45-0.50 mm long, and armed with different types of spines; the basal part covered with numerous small, rosethornshaped spines, and the middle and distal parts armed with fine, needle-shaped spines.
The type series of Progynotaenia evaginata Fuhrmann, 1909 from Burhinus senegalensis in Sudan, P. foetida Meggitt, 1928 from B. oedicnemus in Egypt and Angularia australis Maplestone, 1921 from B. grallarius in Australia are redescribed. As a comparative material, specimens of P. evaginata from B. oedicnemus in Kazakhstan were studied. The type-series of P. evaginata and P. foetida were found to be heterogeneous due to the presence of scoleces and fragments of cestodes of the genus Stenovaria Spasskii & Borgarenko, 1973 (Dilepididae). For P. foetida, a lectotype is designated. P. foetida is recognised as a synonym of P. evaginata (new synonymy). Angularia australis, previously considered a member of the Dilepididae, is transferred to the Progynotaeniidae as a synonym of P. evaginata (new synonymy). The synonymy of P. indica Johri, 1963 with P. evaginata, proposed by Ryzhikov & Tolkacheva (1981), is supported. The host range and the geographical distribution of P. evaginata are restricted to birds of the genus Burhinus from the Eastern Hemisphere.
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