Северо-западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова 1 , Городская больница Святой преподобномученицы Елизаветы 2 , г. Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация Проблемам лечения третичного перитонита посвящено большое количество научных работ, затрагивающих самые разные аспекты этого заболевания. Анализ литературы демонстрирует тенденцию к росту частоты персистирующих перитонитов среди пациентов хирургических стационаров и отсутствие единых подходов к его лечению. Диагностические критерии третичного перитонита крайне неспецифичны, что затрудняет построение эффективной лечебной программы. В данной статье основное внимание уделено вопросам адекватной санации брюшной полости как одному из основных лечебных компонентов. Применение плановых и релапаротомий «по требованию» внедрено в клиническую практику давно, однако четких показаний к применению конкретной оперативной тактики в доступной литературе обнаружено не было. Дана сравнительная оценка различным способам ведения брюшной полости (открытому, закрытому, полуоткрытому, полузакрытому). Рассмотрены основные пути минимизации операционной травмы, неизбежно сопутствующей многократным хирургическим вмешательствам и приводящей к развитию осложнений со стороны органов брюшной полости и передней брюшной стенки. Проблема третичного перитонита, безусловно, далека от своего окончательного решения и дальнейший научный поиск, направленный на совершенствование хирургических подходов, должен способствовать улучшению ближайших результатов лечения.Ключевые слова: третичный перитонит, санация, брюшная полостьThe problems of tertiary peritonitis treating are described in a large amount of scientific papers covering various aspects of this disease. The analysis of the literature shows an increased frequency of persistent peritonitis among patients of surgical units and the lack of unified approaches to its treatment. The diagnostic criteria of tertiary peritonitis are extremely non-specific, which makes it difficult to work out an effective treatment program. This article focuses on adequate sanitation of the abdominal cavity as one of the main therapeutic components. The use of planned and "on demand" relaparotomies was introduced into clinical practice long ago, however, no clear indications for the use of specific operational tactics were found in the available literature. A comparative assessment is given to different ways of abdominal cavity managing (open, closed, half-open, half-closed). The main ways of operative injury minimizing, that inevitably accompanies repeated surgical interventions and leads to the development of abdominal complication, are considered. Obviously, the problem of tertiary peritonitis is far from its final decision, and further scientific research aimed at surgical approaches upgrade should help to improve the results of treatment.
Проведено системний аналіз лісівничо-таксаційних показників культур дуба звичайного віком від 5 до 9 років, створених різними видами садивного матеріалу: шляхом посіву жолудів, садіння сіянців із відкритою та закритою кореневими системами. Встановлено, що культури дуба звичайного, створені садивним матеріалом із закритою кореневою системою, мають кращу збережуваність проти культур, створених садивним матеріалом із відкритою кореневою системою або висіванням жолудів, та швидше змикаються й переходять до наступної фази розвитку насадження – фази диференціації за ростом. Досліджено ріст і формування крон дуба звичайного в лісових культурах у фазах індивідуального росту й зімкнення крон у ряду. Розраховано рівняння функціональної залежності між висотою та діаметрами крон уздовж і поперек ряду, їхньою площею проекції та повнотою культур дуба звичайного. Для оцінювання якості культур у разі переведення їх у вкриті лісовою рослинністю ділянки достатньо таких показників, як кількість дерев на гектарі та середня висота насадження.
INTRODUCTION. The main component of the treatment of patients with secondary diffuse peritonitis is surgical intervention aimed at controlling the source of infection. In some cases, a single intervention is not enough for effective sanation of the abdominal cavity, which requires relaparotomy. There is currently no generally accepted approach to the timing and order for such interventions. The OBJECTIVE was to carry out a comparative analysis of the immediate results of patients with secondary diffuse peritonitis treatment using strategies of planned and «on-demand» relaparotomies.METHODS AND MATERIALS. The inclusion criteria for the review were randomized and cohort controlled trials comparing the efficacy of planned and «on-demand» relaparotomies in the treatment of secondary diffuse peritonitis. Primary sources comparing the results of these surgical strategies in adult patients were searched using the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Scopus and eLibrary databases. The studies were independently assessed for inclusion by two review authors according to the stated eligibility criteria followed by data extraction. The methodological quality of randomized trials was assessed using the Cochrane tool for assessing the risk of bias, nonrandomized ones – using the Russian version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Arising disagreements were resolved through discussions.RESULTS. The review included one randomized controlled trial according to the inclusion criteria and 16 nonrandomized cohort studies with a total of 3672 participants (1835 and 1837 patients undergoing planned and «on-demand» relaparotomies, respectively). Given the significant statistical heterogeneity of the included studies (χ2=119.2, df=16, p<0.00001, I2=87 %), a random effects model was used to assess the intervention effect: the resulting risk of death ratio was 0.68 (95 % CI 0.42–1.10) in favor of planned relaparotomies. The assessment of the systematic review sensitivity, performed by changing the inclusion criteria, showed a similar conclusion: the risk of death ratio was 0.79 in favor of the planned relaparotomies (95 % CI 0.46–1.36).CONCLUSION. The obtained data demonstrated the presence of a statistically insignificant (p=0.11) decrease in postoperative mortality rate in the subgroup of patients with planned relaparotomies. Given the average risk of systematic and significant risk of publication bias in the included studies, these conclusions should be accepted with caution. Further studies in the format of randomized trials will undoubtedly increase the level of the evidence reliability.
BACKGROUND Much attention is currently given to the issues of surgical treatment of common forms of secondary peritonitis, which is associated with unsuccessful results of treatment of this group of patients and the lack of a unified approach to surgical tactics among patients requiring repeated surgical interventions for adequate sanitation of the abdominal cavity.AIM OF STUDY Improvement of the immediate results of treatment of patients with generalized secondary peritonitis by determining the approaches to choosing the optimal surgical tactics.MATERIAl AND METHODS We analyzed the results of treatment of 220 patients with common forms of secondary peritonitis who were treated at the Elizavetinskaya hospital of St. Petersburg in the period from 2013 to 2019. The indicated patients were divided into two groups, comparable in terms of the main features, including the depth pathomorphological changes in the abdominal cavity, assessed by calculating abdominal cavity index (ACI) and the Mannheim peritonitis Index (MPI). The main group consisted of 109 patients, where developed algorithm was used, which supposed planned sanitation relaparotomies within up to 2 days in patients with high values of ACI and MPI. The comparison group included 111 patients who underwent sanitation interventions “on demand”, that is, in the presence of signs of persistence of the infectious process in the abdominal cavity. The results of treatment were compared by assessing the level and structure of postoperative mortality, the frequency of complications, and the length of stay in intensive care units and hospital. Mathematical-statistical dataprocessing, calculations of intensive and extensive coefficients of features, assessment of the statistical significance of differences in features for the studied groups were carried out.RESUlTS The use of a differentiated approach to performing planned relaparotomy in patients with generalized peritonitis made it possible to reduce the overall mortality 1.7-fold (from 51.3 to 30.2%) (p=0.001) due to a decrease in the proportion of abdominal sepsis as a cause of unfavorable the outcome. No significant effect of the use of this algorithm on the frequency and structure of complications, as well as the duration of multiple organ failure, was found.FINDINGS The use of planned relaparotomy among the selected patients helps to reduce postoperative mortality without significantly negatively affecting other treatment results.
Almost every operation on the abdomen ends with drainage. However, according to the data of foreign publications, surgeons all over the world refuse this technique increasingly. Based on the data of domestic and foreign publications, the indications and the need for abdominal drainage in various types of surgical interventions were analyzed.
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