In this paper, a novel wideband circularly polarized multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has been proposed for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. The mutual coupling (MC) between closely placed DRA units at 0.5λ has been significantly reduced by using a new hybrid technique. The exclusive features of the proposed MIMO antenna include wide impedance matching bandwidth (BW), broadband circular polarization (CP), and suppressed MC between the radiating elements. The first step of hybrid technique is the employment of parasitic patch at an optimized distance beside the conformal metal strip of the two identical rectangular DRAs in order to generate CP wave along with a wide impedance matching BW over the same frequency range. In the final step, the MC is suppressed significantly along with the broadband CP by placing the DRAs diagonally at an optimized position. The proposed MIMO antenna is the hybrid of the parasitic patch and the diagonal position of radiating elements. The CP BW offered by the proposed antenna is ∼20.82% (3.58-4.40 GHz) in conjunction with an impedance-matching BW of ∼38.51% (3.50-4.95 GHz). Moreover, MC less than −28 dB is achieved over the entire band and −26 dB at 3.89 GHz (minimum of the AR) through the hybrid technique. The prototype of the proposed antenna geometry is fabricated and measured. A good agreement has been attained between the simulated and measured results.
A unique circularly polarized (CP) compact wearable dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has been proposed for off-body communication in wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The design is singly fed and a new H-shaped conformal metal strip has been used to excite the DRA. A circular polarization over a bandwidth of ∼9.6% (7.47-8.25 GHz) in conjunction with an impedance matching bandwidth of ∼20.7% (6.95-8.68 GHz) has been offered by the antenna. A prototype has been fabricated and measured. The antenna has been tested both in free space and on-body environment. A robust performance has been offered by the antenna against human body lossy effects. The measured results agree very well with the simulated results.INDEX TERMS Wireless body area network, ultra-wideband, dielectric resonator antenna, circular polarization, off-body communication, specific absorption rate.
Automation in agriculture nowadays is the main focus and area of development for various countries. The population rate of the world is increasing rapidly and will be double in upcoming decades and the need of food is also increasing accordingly. To meet this rapid growth in demand, agriculture automation is the best solution. Traditional strategies employed by farmers are not efficient enough to fulfill the rising demand. Improper use of nutrients, water, fertilizers and pesticides disturbs the agricultural growth and the land remains barren with no fertility. This research paper presents different control strategies used to automate agriculture such as: IoT, aerial imagery, multispectral, hyperspectral, NIR, thermal camera, RGB camera, machine learning, and artificial intelligence techniques. Problems in agriculture like plant diseases, pesticide control, weed management, irrigation and water management can easily be solved by different automated and control techniques mentioned above. Automation by advance control strategies of agricultural methods have verified to increase the crops yield and also the soil fertility become strong. This research paper reviews and observe the work of different researchers to present a brief summary about the trends in smart agriculture and also provides the work flow and revenue of smart agriculture system in figure 15 using technologies verified by researchers in their research papers.
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