COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection is a disease affecting several organ systems. A model that captures all clinical symptoms of COVID-19 as well as long-haulers disease is needed. We investigated the host responses associated with infection in several major organ systems including the respiratory tract, the heart, and the kidneys after SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian hamsters. We found significant increases in inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF) and type II interferons whereas type I interferons were inhibited. Examination of extrapulmonary tissue indicated inflammation in the kidney, liver, and heart which also lacked type I interferon upregulation. Histologically, the heart had evidence of myocarditis and microthrombi while the kidney had tubular inflammation. These results give insight into the multiorgan disease experienced by people with COVID-19 and possibly the prolonged disease in people with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC).
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) hospitalizations and deaths disportionally affect males and older ages. Here we investigated the impact of male sex and age comparing sex-matched or age-matched ferrets infected with SARS-CoV-2. Differences in temperature regulation was identified for male ferrets which was accompanied by prolonged viral replication in the upper respiratory tract after infection. Gene expression analysis of the nasal turbinates indicated that 1-year-old female ferrets had significant increases in interferon response genes post infection which were delayed in males. These results provide insight into COVID-19 and suggests that older males may play a role in viral transmission due to decreased antiviral responses.
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) caused SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection is a disease affecting several organ systems. A model that captures all clinical symptoms of COVID-19 as well as long-haulers disease is needed. We investigated the host responses associated with infection in several major organ systems including the respiratory tract, the heart, and the kidneys after SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian hamsters. We found significant increases in inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF) and type II interferons whereas type I interferons were inhibited. Examination of extrapulmonary tissue indicated inflammation in the kidney, liver, and heart which also lacked type I interferon upregulation. Histologically, the heart had evidence of mycarditis and microthrombi while the kidney had tubular inflammation. These results give insight into the multiorgan disease experienced by people with COVID-19 and possibly the prolonged disease in people with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC).
Catch-and-release ice angling is a popular recreational activity, but little is known about the postrelease behavior of fish in the winter. Cold water temperatures and an ambush hunting strategy may constrain Northern Pike Esox lucius, limiting their postrelease movements to a small area near the capture location. We used manual acoustic telemetry to track 15 Northern Pike ranging from 56 to 98.5 cm total length for up to 7 d after catch-andrelease ice angling in Buffalo Pound Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada. All of the fish but one moved unexpectedly long distances of several km over the tracking period. For the fish that were tracked over all 7 d, path lengths traveled ranged from 1.4 to 18.4 km. The minimum daily distance traveled ranged from 0 to 4.6 km and varied significantly by tracking day; the fish moved shorter distances on day 4 postrelease. There was a significant interaction between fish size and day postrelease; larger fish moved shorter minimum daily distances and dispersed shorter distances from the release site over the first 2 d of tracking. In contrast, by 5 d after release, both the largest and smallest fish had dispersed the longest distances from the release site and intermediate-sized fish dispersed the least. The cumulative path length traveled by day 5 of tracking did not reveal any significant size-based patterns. Our study raises the possibility that relatively large movements may be common for Northern Pike in the winter despite cold water temperatures and their expected foraging behavior. In addition, postrelease behavior varies with fish size. Habitat and space requirements for Northern Pike in the winter can encompass much larger areas and more habitat features than has been previously envisioned.
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