The determining factor for the success of agricultural cultivation in tidal swampland is water availability, which fluctuates throughout the plant's growth. The availability of water for oranges has a significant role in the final production of the product. In Indonesia, there are three types of rain patterns with variations in the growing season related to water availability: the rainy season between October and March and the dry season between April and September. Climate extremes such as drought (El-Niño) and wetness (La-Niña) fluctuate dynamically, impact shifts at the beginning and end of the growing season, and hurt citrus crop productivity. Therefore, an analysis of rice planting time in tidal swampland in Barito Kuala under extreme climatic events was carried out. The research was conducted in September – December 2020 with the survey method. The data was dug in-depth on the research respondents: citrus farmers, fruit traders, and related agencies. The number of samples was 90 people (45 male farmers and 45 female farmers). Two different villages were surveyed in each sub-district according to the type of tidal land, namely Marabahan sub-district (SP1 village and SP2 village), type A, Mandastana (Karang Indah village and Karang Bunga village) type B, and Cerbon sub-district. (Village of Simpang Nungki and Sungai Kambat) Type C. Planting time in tidal land begins after the amount of rainwater is sufficient to dissolve the iron content in the water. The probability of an El-Niño occurrence with an intensity of 1, 2, 3, and 4 years has the highest frequency of occurrence—respectively 3, 3, 5, and 3 times with probability around 16.7% to 27.8%. Meanwhile, La-Nia with an intensity of once a year with the highest frequency eight times with a 40.0% chance. La-Nia events coexist with El-Nio 15 times, and generally, El-Nio precedes La-Nia by about 44%. The cropping pattern in tidal swampland shows high resistance to climate change. Namely, the planting time has not changed much for decades under different climatic conditions.
The technical efficiency is meant as the ability of a firm to produce maximum output given a set of inputs and available production technology. A firm that had production does not reach maximum level is supposed to be technically inefficient. This research aimed to assess the technical efficiency performance of rice farming in the Sub-District of Cerbon, the District of Barito Kuala and the Sub-Disrict of Aluh-aluh, District of Banjar by employing an econometric model of the stochastic frontier production function. The error structure of stochastic frontier production model made up of two independent components. One is a general random error and the other is an error which assumed to account for technical inefficiency in production. The method of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) was applied to estimate parameters of the model which were then used to count the maximum level of output possible to produce by firms given a set of inputs. The technical efficiency index, expressed by TE index, 0 ≤ TE ≤ 1, was measured as the ratio between actual output and assumed the maximum level of output possible to produce. The results showed an average index of TE rice farming in the Sub-District of Cerbon, the District of Barito Kuala and the Sub-District of Aluh-aluh, District of Banjar was 0.87 indicating the performance of production was relatively good. However, there was 3.33% of all the rice farming considered technically inefficient. Such results imply that some treatments may be set to consolidate production managerial aspects in order to improve the technical efficiency of production.
Climate change has a real impact on yields, seasonal shifts, cropping patterns of citrus siam banjar plantations (Citrus suhuensis) on tidal land. This research aims to analyze the relationship of the cropping patterns of surjan systems and climate extremes, as an effort to overcome climate change. The research was conducted in Batola in 2020 using written and oral survey methods. Data was extracted from farmers and related institutions. The respondents consisted of 45 men and 45 women. On each sub-district, 2 villages were surveyed according to tidal land type, namely Marabahan district (SP1 and SP2) type C, Mandastana subdistrict (Karang Indah and Karang Bunga) type B, and Cerbon district (Simpang Nungki and Kambat River) type A. The results showed that the chance of El-Niño was around 16.7-22.7%, while La-Niña reached 40%. The total extreme event was 67.8% of La-Niña side by side with El-Niño 15 times and generally El-Niño precedes La-Niña by about 40%. The total extreme event reached 62.7%. The productivity of citrus observations in 2015-2019 was 1.274 ton/ha and during El-Niño yields decreased by 0.05 ton/ha. Crops damaged by El-Niño in 20152016 were -2% of the area of 6,825.03 ha. More than 90% of farmers during extreme events applied a pattern of superior local-rice oranges-rice to tabukan and oranges-vegetables on mounds. Cropping patterns on tidal tidal land show a high level of resistance to climate change because they have not changed much for decades in both normal, dry, and wet climatic conditions. Keywords: El-Niño, extreme climate, La-Niña, siam banjar oranges, tidal land type A, B dan C
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