Pakistan is one of the largest citrus producer and leading exporter of Kinnow in world. Average production of this vital fruit comparatively lower than potential and in result, minor contributions comes to national economy and livelihoods of the growers. Present study was designed to analyze factors impeding citrus supply chain in Toba Tek Singh District of the Punjab province. Through multistage sampling technique 120 citrus growers were selected. Data were collected through face to face interview technique with the help of structured, validated, reliable and pre-tested questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed by using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings unveiled that black marketing of fertilizers, shortage of labor; lack of technical knowledge and shortage of finance were major factors impeding production of citrus crop. Monopoly of middle-man; late payments by the dealers; lack of storage facilities; high storage cost and less price of citrus set by the government were leading barriers of marketing. Study recommended that development of effective marketing system, subsidies on inputs and initiation of direct marketing for small farmers in particular. Study further urges development of affordable machinery for growers to encounter labor shortage problems.
Commercial poultry farming is one of the key sector around the world especially in Pakistan due to its adaptability in different factors such as, low investment per unit, high growth rate, and agro-climatic conditions and also due to short generation interval. Unfortunately its progress is not enough to meet the demanding level due to the rate of high population. Therefore, the study was proposed to assess the farm and diseases management by commercial poultry farmers. Tehsil Faisalabad was selected purposively and the data were collected from randomly selected 120 commercial poultry farmers. The findings of the study revealed that majority of poultry farmers showed high level of knowledge on poultry housing management about spacing and watering equipment's (70.0%). However their awareness of bedding or litter management (52.5%) and its changing was low. They also had low level of knowledge about quality of feed and water (52.5%), identification of affected birds (54.2%) but they were well known about the vaccination of birds (60.8%) with the help of their traditional experiences. They were also well known about common diseases like bird flu (68.3%) and gumboro (65.0%) however they had lower level of knowledge about Vent gleet (53.3%) and Coccidiosis (41.7%). Therefore, it is recommended that the private extension agents should be encouraged to focus their extension activities on the poultry farmers who are not getting proper and relevant information about the management of housing, disease and their control. vibrant role in the national economy and food security of the country. The investment in poultry sector increased day by day currently it is about Rs.200 billion [1].
Olericulture or vegetable production is an important subsector in developing countries, like Pakistan. Pakistan's agro-climatic conditions are very favorable for vegetables cultivation but post-harvest losses are much higher and also after harvest, farmers lose a substantial amount of its merchandise in developing countries especially in Pakistan. About 40 to 50% vegetables are lost before consumption in the developing countries. Potato growers are facing a lot of problems regarding production and harvesting, the purpose of study was to identify the marketing issues which potato growers are facing after harvesting the crop. District Gujranwala was selected as study area as it is one of the main vegetable growing district of the province. From the district, a sample size of 144 potato growers was selected purposively. Well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule was used for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analyses. Results revealed the most prominent marketing issues of potato growers were no contact or entrance to the international market; expensive transportation; fluctuation in price; poor roads; lack of established market; vegetable market is ignored by the government; loss of quality during movement of produce; unawareness about market rates; double-dealing of dealers and unfamiliarity regarding marketing system are the major restrictions which make it difficult for the improvement of vegetable sector. Therefore, it is suggested that government should pay attention on these problems. There should be a strong linkage between extension agencies and potato growers. These are necessary for eradicating marketing problems of potato growers.
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