Clinicians and researchers frequently use the phrase 'feeding intolerance' (FI) as a descriptive term in enterally fed critically ill patients. We aimed to: (1) determine what is the most accepted definition of FI; (2) estimate the prevalence of FI; and (3) evaluate whether FI is associated with important outcomes. Systematic searches of peer-reviewed publications using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science were performed with studies reporting FI extracted. We identified 72 studies defining FI. In 33 studies, the definition was based on large gastric residual volumes (GRVs) together with other gastrointestinal symptoms, while 30 studies relied solely on large GRVs, six studies used inadequate delivery of enteral nutrition (EN) as a threshold, and three studies gastrointestinal symptoms without reference to GRV. The median volume used to define a 'large' GRV was 250 ml (ranges from 75 to 500 ml). The pooled proportion (n = 31 studies) of FI was 38.3% (95% CI 30.7-46.2). Five studies reported outcomes, all of them observed adverse outcome in FI patients. In three studies, respectively, FI was associated with increased mortality and ICU length-of-stay. In summary, FI is inconsistently defined but appears to occur frequently. There are preliminary data indicating that FI is associated with adverse outcomes. A standard definition of FI is required to determine the accuracy of these preliminary data.

In conclusion, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy ensured long-term excess weight loss 61.0% at 5 years. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has a long-term effect on significant improvement in the median values of triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins, but not on total cholesterol levels. There is a risk of postoperative vitamin B12 and iron deficiency.

Results: there were 7 ssI cases, overall rate being 1.2%. superficial wound infection occurred in 5 cases and deep wound infection occurred in 2 cases. there was no organ/ space infection. ssI was significantly more frequent in the case of contaminated and dirty-infected compared with clean or clean-contaminated operations, 7.8% and 0.6%, respectively (p = 0.0008). wound infection endangered more children who had operation related complications compared with non-complicated cases, 11.1% and 0.4%, respectively (p < 0.0001).

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Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess if there are structural and functional changes of hands and legs already in early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA), compared with the population-based control group. Additionally, we aimed to identify if the changes are symmetrical in hands and legs and if there are factors that are associated with these changes. The study was conducted, and, thus far, the results have been controversial. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 83 consecutive patients with ERA and 321 control subjects. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) machine was used to measure bone, lean and fat mass. Inflammation and bone markers, smoking and nutritional habits were assessed, to evaluate the effects of different factors. The 30-Second Chair Stand Test (30-CST) and the Handgrip Strength Test (HST) were used to estimate muscle strength. Results: The presence of ERA was associated with lower arm, leg lean mass and higher fat mass of arm, compared with control subjects. ERA was also associated with lower mean handgrip in HST and worse muscle strength of legs in the 30-CST. Bone mass changes were not so evident both in arms and legs. Smoking habits did not seem to have relevant effect on bone mass, muscle structural and functional changes, both on hands and legs. In ERA, lean mass of arm and leg was negatively associated with C-reactive protein (CRP). The intake of proteins in ERA was not associated with lean mass changes both in hands and legs. Conclusions: Structural and functional changes of hands and legs are different in ERA. ERA patients had higher fat mass of arm, lower lean mass of arm and leg and, accordingly, decreased muscle function. The lowering of lean mass of arm and leg in ERA was associated with the elevation of CRP.