Aim: To evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial efficacy of 2% Chlorhexidine gel, Propolis and Calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis in human root dentin. Methodology:One hundred and twenty human extracted anterior teeth were decoronated below CEJ and the apical part of root was removed to obtain 6mm of middle of the root. GG no 3 was used to standardize the internal diameter of root canal. Dentin blocks were infected with E faecalis for 21 d. They were assigned into four groups (n = 30).Group 1, Saline (negative control); Group 2, Propolis; Group 3, 2% CHX; Group 4, Calcium hydroxide, At the end of 1, 3, and 5 days an assessment of microbial cells was carried out at a depth of 400 μm and colony counts were calculated.The data were analysed statistically with one-way analysis of variance followed by Scheffe multiple comparison test (p < 0.05).

External root resorption (ERR) is a lytic process occurring in the cementum or cementum and dentin of the roots of teeth. Here we report a case of inflammatory ERR in a mandibular right molar in a 22-year-old male patient with history of incomplete root canal treatment with the same. Considering the biological properties of mineral trioxide aggregate cement, especially its alkalinity and sustained calcium hydroxide release, this material was used for the treatment of ERR, followed by permanent prosthesis. The clinical and radiographic follow-up for 24 months revealed that treated teeth were functional, the progression of the ERR had ceased, the resorptive area were replaced with newly formed bone and periapical radiolucencies was healed.

Aim To investigate the influence of cervical preflaring on apical file size determination using four different rotary instruments. Materials and methods Fifty root canals from extracted human maxillary premolars with complete root formation, straight roots were used for the study. Access opening was done and the working length established with 8 no K-file for each canal. Teeth were randomly divided into five groups of 10 canals. In Group 1- no preflaring was done and acted as control and in Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 cervical and middle third preflaring of the root canals were done using Gates Glidden drills, Protaper instruments, Race instruments and Galaxy files respectively. After preflaring, the apical file size determination was done and the initial apical file (IAF) was fixed at the working length. Teeth were sectioned transversally 1 mm from the apex, with the binding file in position. The samples were imaged under stereomicroscope with 30× magnification. Root canal and file maximum diameters were recorded for each sample. The readings were subjected to analysis of variance test and Scheffe's multiple comparison test. Results Preflaring with Race instruments lead to most accurate determination of the IAF. It was followed by Protaper, Galaxy files and Gates Glidden drills. Conclusion Traditional method of apical size determination may lead to a substantial underestimation of actual canal size. Cervical preflaring increases the accuracy of apical size determination. Clinical significance Thus, cervical preflaring is recommended before selection of IAF as it increases the accuracy of apical size determination. How to cite this article Ashwini TS, Bhandari S. The Influence of Cervical Preflaring of Root Canal on Determination of Initial Apical File using Gates Glidden Drills, Protaper, Race and Diamond-Coated Galaxy Files. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13(4):554-558.

<p><em>Smilax zeylanica </em>Linn has been traditionally used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but, no scientific data has been published supporting the claimed ethanomedical use. This study was designed to investigate the immunomodulatory and antiarthritic activities of <em>Smilax zeylanica</em>.</p><p>Methanolic extract of <em>Smilax zeylanica </em>(MESZ) roots was tested for its immunomodulatory activity by NBT reduction test. Antiarthritic activity of the same was tested by <em>in vitro </em>protein denaturation and <em>in vivo </em>complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis.<strong> </strong></p><p>MESZ<strong> </strong>showed its significant effect on both cell mediated and humoral immunity to suppress stimulated immune responses in NBT reduction test . It also markedly inhibited protein denaturation in <em>in vitro </em>model. Extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed statistically significant inhibition ( p&lt;0.05) of the edema formation in CFA model. Histopathological studies of ankle joints also supported this finding.</p>The presence of steroids in the extract might be responsible for the prominent immunomodulatory and antiarthritic activities of the plant. Hence the present study concluded that <em>Smilax zeylanica</em> holds immunomodulatory and antiarthritic activities.