In our introduction, we pose some of the broader questions raised by the interdisciplinary and inter-period work of our contributors, while also drawing upon our own research on early modern London and contemporary Mexico. We argue that elements of the earlymodern tradition of urban citizenship have indeed survived alongside national citizenship, at least in certain contexts. Beyond that, we argue that early modern citizenship also helps to set in relief the scalar, emancipatory vision of nineteenth-and twentieth-century national-territorial projects; that it helps to think about keeping a distance from nation-states and transnational institutions while still partaking of them; that it draws our attention to the complexities of inclusion and exclusion in contemporary citizenship; and that it helps us think beyond the narrowly-defined "rights" of national citizenship to include the freedom that is entailed in the pursuit of livelihoods.
ABSTRACT. Nitrogen flux and protein synthesis and deg-over a short (-12 h) period. This approach has received relatively radation were estimated using a single oral bolus of 15N little attention in studies with infants (4). glycine or I5N yeast protein hydrolysate and measuring the The use of single amino acids as tracers in studies based on 15 N enrichment of urinary ammonia in five low birth wt end-product labeling may give results that are biased by the infants fed a low birth wt formula and in six who were peculiarities of the metabolism of the tracer amino acid (5), and receiving their own mother's breast milk. Results derived it seems clear that different amino acids can give quite different from using IsN-glycine and I5N-yeast hydrolysate tracers estimates of whole-body amino-N flux in the same individuals in a randomized crossover study in 10 studies on seven (6, 7). This consideration may be particularly important when infants showed, with one exception, higher turnover rates "N-glycine is used in preterm babies, because in these infants and more interindividual variation with the j5N yeast. Both glycine appears to behave as a limiting or semi-essential amino tracers showed good reproducibility in two infants who had acid. As suggested by others (I, 8-10) one possible way, in theory repeated studies. Although wt gain was similar in both at least, of avoiding this problem is to use mixtures of labeled groups, nitrogen intake and retention were greater (p < amino acids as tracers.
0.01) in the formula-fed group. Mean nitrogen turnoverIn the present work, we have measured protein turnover in was similar in both groups, but there was a greater variance preterm neonates by examining the labeling of urinary ammonia in the human milk-fed group which also had a greater after a single oral dose of tracer, as suggested by Waterlow and nitrogen turnover/U absorbed nitrogen (p < 0.025) and a colleagues (2) and used in adult subjects (8, 1 I, 12). We compared lower excretion of nitrogenlu flux. (Pediatr Res 25167-two tracers-I5N-glycine and "N-yeast protein hydrolysate-172,1989) and protein turnover in infants receiving a formula feed or their mother's milk. Abbreviations FF, formula-fed MATERIALS AND METHODS
Citizenship has been in the last thirty years a significant concern of anthropologists, not least because it has been in the same period a concern of people around the world. At least, the term “citizenship” has been used widely, if not always in quite the same way as anthropologists have used it, especially those anthropologists who have paid less attention to their informants’ understandings of it. During fieldwork in west Mexico in 2007–2010, I found that my informants did not reduce being a citizen to having a relationship with the state or government. Many of them said that being a citizen was ultimately about “living in society”. Their use of the term “citizen” reminds us that many different things have been called “citizenship” over the centuries, and that some things now called “citizenship”, such as claiming rights on states, have not always been referred to as such. However, I prefer to focus on the concepts that my informants sometimes labeled “citizenship” rather than on their choice of the word itself, and to be more precise I use the term civil sociality to gloss their sense of living in society, ideally in a civil way. I focus on how civil sociality stands in relation to law as well as to rights-bearing, especially in two sets of events in which people pitched their claims in terms of both civil sociality and law. Throughout, I draw out the methodological, historical, ethnographic, theoretical, and normative implications of the way in which my informants juxtapose civil sociality and law or rights-bearing. I end the article by comparing my informants’ notions with those of anthropologists, noting not just the differences but a striking similarity. Anthropologists, like my informants, treat “society” as a ground that lies beyond institutions such as law.
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