The concentrations and solubility of major and trace elements in soils collected from a field for long‐term experiments maintained for more than 60 years and the neighboring area were investigated in order to reveal the influence of soil management on their behavior in soils. No obvious differences in the element concentrations in soils were observed except for P and U, whose concentrations were elevated in the surface soils of the experimented field because of the long‐term application of phosphate fertilizers. Soil acidification associated with the successive applications of potentially acid fertilizers had changed the solubility of many elements as follows: the solubility of Li, Be, Al, Mn, Co, Zn, Y, Cd, Ba and rare earth elements increased, while the solubility of P, As, Se, Nb, Sb, Mo and V increased by liming. In the uncultivated soils, the concentrations of Fe, Zr, Nb, Hf and Th in the water extracts were relatively high, and a certain amount of these elements in the water extracts may occur in colloidal forms.
Elucidating genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions is fundamental for understanding the interplay between genetic and environmental factors that shape complex traits in crops. GxE interactions are of practical importance, as they determine the performance of cultivars grown in different environments, prompting the need for an efficient approach for evaluating GxE interactions. Here, we describe a method for GxE detection that involves comparing linear mixed models. This method successfully detected GxE interactions in rice (Oryza sativa) recombinant inbred lines grown at three locations. We identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 3 that was associated with heading date, grain number, and leaf length. The effect of this QTL on plant growth–related traits varied with environmental conditions, indicating the presence of GxE interactions. Therefore, our method enables a powerful GxE detection pipeline that should facilitate the production of high-yielding crops in a given environment.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.