In the adult brain, the extracellular matrix (ECM) influences recovery after injury, susceptibility to mental disorders, and is in general a strong regulator of neuronal plasticity. The proteoglycan aggrecan is a core component of the condensed ECM structures termed perineuronal nets (PNNs), and the specific role of PNNs on neural plasticity remains elusive. Here, we genetically targeted the Acan gene encoding for aggrecan using a novel animal model. This allowed for conditional and targeted loss of aggrecan in vivo, which ablated the PNN structure and caused a shift in the population of parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons toward a high plasticity state. Selective deletion of the Acan gene in the visual cortex of male adult mice reinstated juvenile ocular dominance plasticity, which was mechanistically identical to critical period plasticity. Brain-wide targeting improved object recognition memory.

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Corticostriatal projections form the input level of a circuitry that connects the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Three distinct, functional subcircuits exist according to the tripartite model: Sensorimotor cortices projecting mainly to the dorsolateral striatum; associative cortices projecting to the dorsomedial striatum and limbic cortices projecting to the ventral striatum. However, there is to date no atlas that allows researchers to label cortical projection areas belonging to each of these subcircuits separately. To address this research gap, the aim of this study was threefold: First, to systematically review anatomical tracing studies that focused on corticostriatal projections in non-human primates, and to classify their findings according to the tripartite model. Second, to develop an atlas of the human cerebral cortex based on this classification. Third, to test the hypothesis that labels in this atlas show structural connectivity with specific striatal subregions in humans using diffusion-based tractography in a sample of 24 healthy participants. In total, 98 studies met the inclusion criteria for our systematic review. Information about projections from the cortex to the striatum was systematically extracted by Brodmann area, and cortical areas were classified by their dominant efferent projections. Taking known homological and functional similarities and differences between non-human primate and human cortical regions into account, a new human corticostriatal projection (CSP) atlas was developed. Using human diffusion-based tractography analyses, we found that the limbic and sensorimotor atlas labels showed preferential structural connectivity with the ventral and dorsolateral striatum, respectively. However, the pattern of structural connectivity for the associative label showed the greatest degree of overlap with other labels. We provide this new atlas as a freely available tool for neuroimaging studies, where it allows for the first-time delineation of anatomically informed regions-of-interest to study functional subcircuits within the corticostriatal circuitry. This tool will enable specific investigations of subcircuits involved in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric illness such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.