Farming using "aigamo" (rice-duck; crossbred of wild and domestic duck) is one of the popular organic farming methods for paddy rice in Japan. The diversity and community structure of aquatic organisms under rice-duck farming were investigated and compared with those under conventional farming. Adjacent paddy fields with these different farming methods were selected at two sites. The taxonomical groups and the number of aquatic organisms ranging in size from 30 p,m to 2 cm in the floodwater of three collection areas in the respective fields were surveyed every 10 d during the growth period of rice plants. The number of taxonomical groups of aquatic organisms and the frequency of the presence of Stichotrichia were significantly higher in the paddy fields under conventional farming, while the population density of Volvocida was significantly higher in the paddy fields under rice-duck farming (p < 0.05). The number of taxonomical groups during the late flooding period (over 50 d after the onset of flooding) increased more significantly in the fields under conventional farming than in those under rice-duck farming. Principal component analysis showed that Lemnaceae and Chlorococcales mainly composed the communities of aquatic organisms in the fields under conventional farming, while such communities were not observed in the fields under rice-duck farming. The authors could not find any specific community structure of aquatic organisms in the latter farming system. Paddy fields are unique man-made seasonal wetlands harboring many taxonomical groups of aquatic organisms (Miyashita 1929;Heckman 1979;Takahashi 2000;Yamazaki et al. 2003), and the abundance of the organisms in paddy fields is being considered from the viewpoint of the preservation of biodiversity presently (Hidaka 1998; Nakamura 1999).attempts to determine whether the pattern of these seasonal variations agreed with that in paddy fields under the other farming systems have not been made. Yamazaki et al. (2003) surveyed the community structure and the diversity of aquatic organisms, which were classified mainly at the order level, ranging in size from 30 f.un to 2 cm in the floodwater of five Japanese paddy fields under conventional farming. In paddy fields under conventional farming, agricultural chemicals are used, and this farming system has spread throughout Japan. As a result, the number of taxonomical groups significantly increased and the community structure of aquatic organisms changed after midseason drainage. However, A farming system in which rice-ducks are released to wander through paddy fields was developed to suppress weeds and pests without the use of agricultural chemicals. Presently, this method is being considered from the viewpoint of agriculture of the environmental conservation type.In 1989, Takao Furuno, a Japanese farmer, developed this method, which was subsequently adopted in ricegrowing countries like South Korea, China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, and even in Iran (Manda 1992). Manda et al. (1993) reported that rice-ducks...
A 17-year-old girl with multiple areas of skin hemangiomas that had been present since birth was referred to our institution complaining of sudden onset of dyspnea. Enhanced CT demonstrated a pulmonary thromboembolism and transthoracic echocardiogram showed a thrombus-like echo in the right ventricle. CT further revealed thrombi in the inferior vena cava (IVC) and peripheral vein. The thrombi, especially those in the RV, were highly life-threatening; therefore, immediate thrombectomy was performed and an IVC filter was placed. Because no major complications occurred, the patient was discharged 34 days after admission. In such young women, carefully using anticoagulation therapy and planning pregnancy are recommended.
Figure. Venous malformation in Magnetic ResonanceThe Authors Reply Thank you very much for your important comment regarding the use of the syndrome name for this kind of vascular manifestation. We would like to reply to your comments. 1) and 2): Although we did not describe the procedures in the present case report, we performed magnetic resonance venography. There were vascular anomalies in the patient's left leg (Figure). We therefore thought that the thrombi originated there. We are not sure whether the anomalies (and thrombi) or overgrowth were the cause of her "edematous and swollen" leg.3) and 4): We did not perform a biopsy; therefore, we cannot precisely answer whether the eruption was a malformation or tumor. We should have clarified the expression of the eruption and classified the port-wine stain as a malformation. It has been reported that port-wine stains exist in healthy patients on the side or face. 5): We had not read your reference 4 when we wrote the present case report. We had confused Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome with Parkes-Weber syndrome. No arteriovenous fistulas were observed on the patient's body; therefore, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is the correct term.6): We consider that the patient's thromboembolism was closely related to her vascular anomalies. We agree that in cases in which there are no thrombi in the IVC, endovascular treatment (or surgery) is a good treatment.
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