We show that planar graphs have bounded queue-number, thus proving a conjecture of Heath et al. [66] from 1992. The key to the proof is a new structural tool called layered partitions , and the result that every planar graph has a vertex-partition and a layering, such that each part has a bounded number of vertices in each layer, and the quotient graph has bounded treewidth. This result generalises for graphs of bounded Euler genus. Moreover, we prove that every graph in a minor-closed class has such a layered partition if and only if the class excludes some apex graph. Building on this work and using the graph minor structure theorem, we prove that every proper minor-closed class of graphs has bounded queue-number. Layered partitions have strong connections to other topics, including the following two examples. First, they can be interpreted in terms of strong products. We show that every planar graph is a subgraph of the strong product of a path with some graph of bounded treewidth. Similar statements hold for all proper minor-closed classes. Second, we give a simple proof of the result by DeVos et al. [31] that graphs in a proper minor-closed class have low treewidth colourings.
Cycles in graphs play an important role in many applications, e.g., analysis of electrical networks, analysis of chemical and biological pathways, periodic scheduling, and graph drawing. From a mathematical point of view, cycles in graphs have a rich structure. Cycle bases are a compact description of the set of all cycles of a graph. In this paper, we survey results on cycle bases and prove new ones. We introduce different kinds of cycle bases, characterize them in terms of their cycle matrix, and prove structural results about them, in particular, a-priori length bounds. We give polynomial algorithms for the minimum cycle basis problem for some of the classes and prove APX -hardness for others. We also discuss three applications and show that they require different kinds of cycle bases.
We investigate edge-intersection graphs of paths in the plane grid, regarding a parameter called the bend-number. I.e., every vertex is represented by a grid path and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the two grid paths share at least one grid-edge. The bend-number is the minimum k such that grid-paths with at most k bends each suffice to represent a given graph. This parameter is related to the interval-number and the track-number of a graph. We show that for every k there is a graph with bend-number k. Moreover we provide new upper and lower bounds of the bend-number of graphs in terms of degeneracy, treewidth, edge clique covers and the maximum degree. Furthermore we give bounds on the bend-number of Km,n and determine it exactly for some pairs of m and n. Finally, we prove that recognizing single-bend graphs is NP-complete, providing the first such result in this field.
We show that planar graphs have bounded queue-number, thus proving a conjecture of Heath, Leighton and Rosenberg from 1992. The key to the proof is a new structural tool called layered partitions, and the result that every planar graph has a vertex-partition and a layering, such that each part has a bounded number of vertices in each layer, and the quotient graph has bounded treewidth. This result generalises for graphs of bounded Euler genus. Moreover, we prove that every graph in a minor-closed class has such a layered partition if and only if the class excludes some apex graph. Building on this work and using the graph minor structure theorem, we prove that every proper minor-closed class of graphs has bounded queue-number.Layered partitions have strong connections to other topics, including the following two examples. First, they can be interpreted in terms of strong products. We show that every planar graph is a subgraph of the strong product of a path with some graph of bounded treewidth. Similar statements hold for all proper minor-closed classes. Second, we give a simple proof of the result by DeVos et al. (2004) that graphs in a proper minor-closed class have low treewidth colourings.
The bend-number b(G) of a graph G is the minimum k such that G may be represented as the edge intersection graph of a set of grid paths with at most k bends. We confirm a conjecture of Biedl and Stern showing that the maximum bend-number of outerplanar graphs is 2. Moreover we improve the formerly known lower and upper bound for the maximum bend-number of planar graphs from 2 and 5 to 3 and 4, respectively.
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