The fate of pretilachlor and esprocarb in soil with or without spherosomes was investigated for 71 days. The estimated half-lives of pretilachlor in nonsterile soil with and without spherosomes were calculated to be 35.6 and 54.3 days, respectively, while those of esprocarb in nonsterile soil with and without spherosomes were 35.5 and 44.8 days, respectively. The degradation of these pesticides appeared to be essentially due to the biological activity of the soil. Spherosomes should enhance the rate of pretilachlor and esprocarb destruction.
Flutianil, chemically characterized as a cyano-methylene thiazolidine, showed antifungal activity against powdery mildew on various crops but not any other plant pathogens tested. Flutianil showed high residual and translaminar activities and rainfastness against Podosphaera xanthii. It also exhibited curative activity against P. xanthii on cucumber at an extremely low concentration of 10 mg/L. There was no cross-resistance between flutianil and other existing fungicides. Morphological studies revealed that flutianil did not inhibit the early infection behavior of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei i.e., conidium bursting, primary and appressorial germinations, appressorium development and hook formations, but it did inhibit haustorium formation and further fungal development. Nutrient absorption by haustoria and subsequent secondary hyphal elongation was inhibited by flutianil but not by the fungicide that showed a similar inhibitory pattern up to the haustorium formation stage of the infection process. These findings suggest that flutianil might have a novel mode of action.
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